2. Chapter 5 D. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material
The smallest carbohydrate, sugar(glucose) and their polymers serves as fuel for carbon sources.
Monomers make monosaccharide, through condensation reactions
Carbohydrates are named by the number of simple sugars they have. –CH2O
Simple VS Complex carbohydrates in your diet
Chapter 5

3. Chapter 5 E. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material
The monosaccharide glucose, is made through photosynthesis w/ CO2 and H2O
The energy stored in the sugar, is used or harvested through cellular respiration.
Monomers can make monosaccharide, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Chapter 5

4. Chapter 5-Review F. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material
An –OH attached to each carbon except one which has a double bond, is a characteristic of sugar. Sugars usually end with ose.
Chapter 5-Review

5. Chapter 5 -Review G. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material
The size of the carbon skeleton determines the classification, for these monosaccharide
Triose-3-carbons makes glyceraldehydes
Pentose-5-carbons makes Ribose
Hexose-6-carbons, makes glucose
Name 3 sugars and explain how they combine or come apart
Chapter 5 -Review

6. H. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material
The asymmetric carbon that makes the enantiomer glucose and galactose, only differ by the orientation of the –H and –OH on the 3rd carbon.
Allosteric enzyme regulation changes in enzyme shape and its ability to connect
H. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material
Chapter 5- Review

7. Chapter 5-Review I. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material
In liquid form, many monomers form ring structures, which are chemically more stable.
Chapter 5-Review

8. Chapter 5-Review but J. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material
Disaccharides have 2 sugars which are connected by glycosidic linkages- (a) starch and
(b) cellulose w/covalent bond made by condensation reactions between 2 sugars
Chapter 5-Review but

9. Chapter 5-Review K. Carbohydrates fuel and building material
Common disaccharides include;
Maltose->glucose + glucose-used in beer
Lactose->glucose + galactose- present in milk
Sucrose-> glucose + fructose- table sugar
Polymers of glucose form starch and cellulose
Chapter 5-Review

10. Chapter 5-Review L. Carbohydrates fuel and building material
Polysaccharides are usually polymers of a few hundred or thousand monosaccharide.
Important polysaccharides include starch,glycogen,cellulose, and chitin-which makes an insects exoskeleton.
Organism usually store polysaccharides for energy as starch-plants, amylose, and amylopectin-apples, glycogen- humans
Starch VS Cellulose
Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls
Chapter 5-Review

11. Chapter 5- M. Lipids: Diverse hydrophobic molecules
Non-polar lipids are insoluble in water, but do dissolve in non-polar solvents such as ether, benzene, and chloroform
Fats store large amount of energy-(discuss diets)
Carboxyl groups OH- C=O on the ends of fatty acids make acids.
Carbohydrates normally form in a 1:2:1 ratio, lipids usually consist of lower oxygen rations.
Chapter 5-

12. Chapter 5-Review N. Lipids: Diverse hydrophobic molecules
During the formation of a fat, enzyme-catalyzed condensation reactions linked glycerol to fatty acids by ester linkage
The ester linkage connects to the hydroxyl group
A triacylglycerol has 3 fatty acids connected to a glycerol
Compare glycosidic and ester linkages.
Chapter 5-Review

13. Chapter 5 Review O. Lipids-include fats,waxes,and steroids
Fats can also be saturated, with single bonds and solid at room temp.-Mostly animal
Lipids are also unsaturated with double bonds. They cannot pack closely together and cannot solidify. Mostly plant
Chapter 5 Review

14. P. Phospholipids
This cell membrane forms a hydrophobic interaction with hydrocarbon tails
Chapter 5 Review

15. Chapter 5 Q. Steroids Cholesterol is a very important steroid.
Includes the sex hormones.- testosterone estrogen.
Chapter 5

16. Chapter 5 R. Proteins R. Proteins
Proteins are made of polypeptide chains which are polymers of amino acids that are arranged in a specific linear sequence & are linked by peptide bonds
They make up 50% of cells weight.
Chapter 5

17. Chapter 5-Review S. Proteins- Have 4 levels.
Primary-Unique sequence of amino acids. We can make a few in labs
Secondary- Regular repeating coiling and folding of a proteins polypeptide background. Alpha-Beta. Hydrogen bonds make it possible
Tertiary- The three dimensional shape of a protein. Most important for R groups connections. Its made of fully folded polypeptides. Its made with disulfide bridges S- S and ionic bonds
The structures are held together with bonds and histones-(proteins) but taken apart by denaturation.
Chapter 5-Review

18. Chapter 5 U. Proteins- 4 layers
Quaternary- Structures that result from the interactions between several polypeptide chains. This includes collagen and hemoglobin
Denaturation- a process that unravels a protein. Using water, chemicals, or heat
Chaperone proteins-is a new protein that prevents folding. It acts like a cover.
When oils are hydrogenated, the number of carbon to carbon double bonds are decreased and # of hydrogen atoms increase-how to cheat with unhealthy oils.
Chapter 5

19. Chapter 5 V. Nucleic Acids
They store and transmit heredity information.
Nucleic acids contain carboxyl groups and an amino group. There are up to 20 amino acids because of the R group attached to the side.
Nucleic acid is made of chains of nucleotides. It is constructed by RNA, after the instructions from DNA.
Chapter 5

20. Chapter 5-Review W. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are monomers made up of ribose-5-carbon pentose/Phosphate/Nitrogen base-the pyrimidines- cytosine,thymine,uracil, and the purines- adenine and guanine
This molecule transfers energy from one molecule to another with ATP
DNA and RNA have different sugars. Ribose and Deoxyribose-w/out oxygen
A-T G-C bonding pairs
Chapter 5-Review