The Scientific Revolution Chapter 13 Pgs

Please take out 1. Notes from yesterday a) Ch. 13 handout b) Your notes c) Pen or pencil

1. Scientific Revolution, pg. 354 The series of events that led to the birth of modern science. The series of events that led to the birth of modern science. It occurred between It occurred between Educated people placed more importance on what they observed and less on what they were told by the Catholic Church. Educated people placed more importance on what they observed and less on what they were told by the Catholic Church. (p. 354). (p. 354).

2. Science (pg. 355) A particular way of gaining knowledge about the world A particular way of gaining knowledge about the world

3. Theories (pg. 355) The explanations scientists develop based on these acts are called theories The explanations scientists develop based on these acts are called theories

4. Roots of the Revolution (pgs ) Great Greek thinkers such as Aristotle, Ptolemy and Plato were philosophers who made significant contributions to science, philosophy and geography were viewed as authorities. What they said goes. Great Greek thinkers such as Aristotle, Ptolemy and Plato were philosophers who made significant contributions to science, philosophy and geography were viewed as authorities. What they said goes. They made rational decisions about the word that were reasonable and logical. They made rational decisions about the word that were reasonable and logical.

Aristotle, Ptolemy, Plato,

4. rationalist People who looked at the world in a rational or reasonable or logical way People who looked at the world in a rational or reasonable or logical way

Discovery Leads to Doubt (pgs ) Scientists were making discoveries that were disproving what the church and what Greek authorities were stating as factual. Scientists were making discoveries that were disproving what the church and what Greek authorities were stating as factual. Scientist made their own observations that helped lead to the Scientific Revolution. Scientist made their own observations that helped lead to the Scientific Revolution.

5. Nicolaus Copernicus (pg. 359) The book thought to have marked the beginning of the Scientific Revolution The book thought to have marked the beginning of the Scientific Revolution His 1543 book was called On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres His 1543 book was called On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres

5. Copernicus’s theory His theory was that the earth was the center of the universe and that the sun and the other planets orbited the earth in a circular fashion instead of an elliptical way. His theory was that the earth was the center of the universe and that the sun and the other planets orbited the earth in a circular fashion instead of an elliptical way. Kepler disproved Copernicus’ theory and said the planets moved in an elliptical orbit instead of circular orbits Kepler disproved Copernicus’ theory and said the planets moved in an elliptical orbit instead of circular orbits

Copernicus’ Theory Circular orbit = Copernicus Circular orbit = Copernicus

Kepler Johannes Kepler- German astronomer Johannes Kepler- German astronomer Kepler disagreed with Copernicus who stated that orbits of the planets were circular. Kepler disagreed with Copernicus who stated that orbits of the planets were circular. Kepler’s observations showed that Copernicus was mistaken. Kepler’s observations showed that Copernicus was mistaken.

6. Kepler Kepler stated that the Kepler stated that the planets moved in elliptical orbits where the planets planets moved in elliptical orbits where the planets orbit around the sun. orbit around the sun.

7. Galileo Galilei He was the most important scientist during the Scientific Revolution He was the most important scientist during the Scientific Revolution He was the first person to study He was the first person to study the sky with a telescope. the sky with a telescope. He also was interested in such things as how falling objects behave. He also was interested in such things as how falling objects behave.

Today, we use the term mechanics for the study of objects and motion Today, we use the term mechanics for the study of objects and motion Galileo’s biggest contribution to the development of science was the way he learned about mechanics. Galileo’s biggest contribution to the development of science was the way he learned about mechanics. he set up experiments to test his theories he set up experiments to test his theories He was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to test his theories He was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to test his theories 7. Galileo

8. Sir Isaac Newton 1687 – English scientist who wrote Principia Mathematica book was published – English scientist who wrote Principia Mathematica book was published. One of the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived. One of the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived. Identified 4 theories that described how the physical world worked. Identified 4 theories that described how the physical world worked.

#1 One of his laws is called the law of gravity. #2 His other 3 laws are called the laws of motion: how objects move in space #3“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.” #4 Invented calculus 8. Newton

Newton and Laws of Gravity

Newton and Laws of Motion

9. New Inventions The first person who invented the microscope was Zacharias Janssen The first person who invented the microscope was Zacharias Janssen

10. What did Galileo invent? Galileo invented the thermometer: used to measure temperature Galileo invented the thermometer: used to measure temperature.

11. Galileo built a much-improved telescope that he used to make his important astronomical discoveries

In 1643, the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer. In 1643, the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer. A barometer is a scientific instrument that measures air pressure. A barometer is a scientific instrument that measures air pressure. 12.

13. These instruments, the microscope, telescope, thermometer, the telescope and the barometer are very common today These instruments, the microscope, telescope, thermometer, the telescope and the barometer are very common today

14. They gave scientist the tools they needed to make more accurate observations of the world and to conduct experiments. They gave scientist the tools they needed to make more accurate observations of the world and to conduct experiments. They were the tools of the Scientific Revolution They were the tools of the Scientific Revolution

15. The work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Newton was central to the Scienfic Revolution

16. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon noted how these scientist (during the Scientific Revolution) using observations, facts, experiments, and theories, were revealing the truth about how nature worked.

16. Bacon Develop theories to explain data through tests and experimentation Develop theories to explain data through tests and experimentation

17. List 3 statements Bacon made about scientists below a. They should observe the world and gather data, or information about it b. They can conduct experiments to gather data c. They can develop theories to explain their data and then test them through more experiments

Rene Descartes French philosopher French philosopher Descartes emphasized that people must use clear thinking and reason to establish proof. Descartes emphasized that people must use clear thinking and reason to establish proof.

18. List three statements Descartes made about science below a. Doubt everything until it can be proven with reason b. The natural world operates like a machine and follows basic physical laws c. Individual existence is the one acceptable truth; “I think, therefore I am” d. Abbbbeeeeeey waas heeeeeeeere!

19. The Scientific Method Scientific method- a step-by- step method for performing experiments and other scientific research. Scientific method- a step-by- step method for performing experiments and other scientific research. A hypothesis- a solution that the scientist proposes to solve the problem. A hypothesis- a solution that the scientist proposes to solve the problem.

20. Why was there conflict between the scientist and the Catholic Church? Scientists were trying to find out the truth by testing theories and conducting experiments Scientists were trying to find out the truth by testing theories and conducting experiments The Catholic Church felt weakened and threatened by the scientist questioning their teachings The Catholic Church felt weakened and threatened by the scientist questioning their teachings Abbeeeey waas heeeree(; Abbeeeey waas heeeree(;

Science and Government The Power of Reason- by the end of the Scientific Revolution, one thing had become clear to many European thinkers: human reason, or logical thought. The Power of Reason- by the end of the Scientific Revolution, one thing had become clear to many European thinkers: human reason, or logical thought.

Democratic Ideas Scientists use reason and logic to pave the way these ideas about personal freedom, individual rights and equality. Scientists use reason and logic to pave the way these ideas about personal freedom, individual rights and equality.

Science and Religion The Roman Catholic Church was powerful force in Europe during the time of the Scientific Revolution. The Roman Catholic Church was powerful force in Europe during the time of the Scientific Revolution.

Summary The work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton was central to the Scientific Revolution The work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton was central to the Scientific Revolution