The First Political Parties Chapter 9 Section 3

What is a political party? Hamilton’s financial plan started a debate regarding the role of the Federal government and the role of states The framers of the Constitution did not believe political parties would form Faction- an organized political group. James Madison considered factions to be selfish groups. Thought that a strong national government as provided in the Constitution would prevent the occurrence of factions

Who didn’t like factions? Most founding politicians DID NOT like the idea of political parties or factions. Among them: Jefferson, Hamilton and Madison Washington especially against them Predicted that factions would destroy “the best fabric of human government and happiness. Partisan- favoring one political faction

How the parties emerged Arguments over Hamilton’s National Bank surfaced new disagreements regarding the role of the Federal government. The Two Major Parties and their Leaders: 1. Federalists 2. Democratic Republicans

Federalists emphasize order over freedom Led by Hamilton Believed wealthy and educated should lead Favored strong central government Loose interpretation of Constitution Pro-British Favored National Bank Emphasized manufacturing, shipping and trade Favored Protective tariff Federalists emphasize order over freedom

Democratic Republicans Were led by Thomas Jefferson Believed people should have political power Favored strong state government Favored strict interpretation of government Emphasized agriculture Pro-French Opposed National Bank Opposed protective tariff Democratic Republicans emphasize freedom over order.

The Role of the People Federalists – Did not believe it was wise to let the public become too involved in politics. Hamilton: “The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right.” Anti-Federalists- Believed in the wisdom of the common man. Jefferson: “I am not among those who fear the people. They, and not the rich, are our dependence for continued freedom.”

What people were saying… “I am a Federalist, the friend of order, of government, and of the present administration.” - Federalist “Are not some amongst us… advocates for monarchy and aristocracy? Are not the principles of all such people hostile to the principles of the constitution?” –Democratic Republican

Who do you agree with? 1. Federalists: “We should not support France in their revolution. It’s not our problem and we don’t have the power or wealth to support them.” Democratic Republicans: “We should support France in their Revolution since they helped us in our own. It’s only fair, and liberty is a cause worth fighting for beyond our own nation.” 2. Federalists: “The wealthy elite of society possess the education to lead the nation. The average man is not educated enough to make decisions for the country and should not lead.” Democratic Republicans: “The elite of society should not make decisions for the average man since they are removed from the common problems of everyday life. The average man is the foot-soldier of democratic society.”

Under Washington Washington usually sided with Hamilton, as he developed a close bond with him throughout the Revolutionary war Hamilton was his personal assistant Washington was therefore Federalist, just as Hamilton was

Election of 1796 Washington leaves office after two terms, setting an important precedent Next election in 1796 was between Thomas Jefferson (former Secretary of State) and John Adams, Vice President Parties decided candidates at caucuses. (a meeting of members of a political party to choose candidates for upcoming elections.

Democratic Republican The Election of 1796 was to select the 2nd president of the United States after George Washington. The race was between: Election of 1796 Thomas Jefferson John Adams VS Democratic Republican Federalist

Election of 1796 - Results 1st Place became President, 2nd place became Vice President. Today, President and VP run as a ticket. Not the case back then. Adams won for the Federalists Jefferson became Vice- President as a Democratic Republican Why is this important that there is both a Federalist and Democratic Rep?

Electoral Map for Election 1796

The Presidency of John Adams Day 2: The Presidency of John Adams Mr. Rasmussen and Mrs. Asaro:

Do Now: I See, I think, I wonder I see I think I wonder, give title

John Adams Our Second President

Troubles with France French were angry at American neutrality in their war against Britain Why would France be angry at American Neutrality? French were key ally during American Revolution Should America have returned the favor?

XYZ Affair- Video 1797-Adams sent American diplomats to France The three French diplomats who met the US diplomats were known as agents “x” “y” and “z” Agents of the French government demanded a bribe of $250,000 and a multimillion dollar loan to France The Americans said they would pay “not a sixpence” (coin worth six cents)

XYZ Affair Led to slogan: “Millions for defense, but not one sixpence for tribute” (forced payment) The French Agents’ names were kept secret and referred to as X,Y, and Z Many Americans angered by XYZ Affair. Federalists urged Adams to ask Congress to declare war on France

“The Paris Monster” Questions: What is the author’s point of view? How does the author portray the French? Why? How does the author portray the Americans? Central idea? “Cease bawling Monster! We will not give you a six pence!”

War Fever- What does it mean? The XYZ affair made many clamor for war with France. John Adams asked Congress to strengthen the military-this increased the power of the central government Although there were skirmishes with the French between 1798 and 1800, Adams did not seek full-scale war 1800-Adams sent diplomats to France, Napoleon agreed to stop seizing American ships Wished his gravestone to read “Here lies John Adams, who took upon himself the responsibility of peace with France in the year 1800.”

Napoleon Bonaparte

Alien and Sedition Acts Federalists believed that their power was threatened by political opponents Many Federalists also suspected that immigrants were bringing dangerous ideas to the US and were backing the Republicans Alien-Somebody from another country Sedition-conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against an authority

Not this type of alien

Continued- Video 1798-Alien Act increased length of time to become an American citizen-from 5 years to 14 & allowed President to deport or imprison any alien suspected of being dangerous 1798-Sedition Act made it illegal to say anything false or insulting about the government Republicans denounced acts 1st Amendment violated

Why did Adams enact the Alien and Sedition Acts? STABILITY Federalists have tended to legislate in favor of stability rather than freedom How might the A and S Acts promote stability? Responses to Acts Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions leads to Jefferson being elected

States’ Rights Supreme Court did not yet interpret Constitution-difficult for Republicans to overturn Acts Madison and Jefferson convinced legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia to declare Acts unconstitutional

Nullification – What does nullification mean? Kentucky and Virginia resolutions claimed that states could nullify (deprive of legal force) laws passed by Congress These resolutions also strengthened the idea of states’ rights. States would challenge federal laws in the future Alien and Sedition Acts expired in 1801 and 1802