Let’s set the stage We will assemble a multitude of factors and ideas which will be infused into the creation of a new government

End of the Revolutionary War Battle of Yorktown (1781) Treaty of Paris (1783) Full independence (?) Territory west of Appalachians Loyalists compensated for seized property Fishing rights off of Newfoundland

Creating a New Government Ideas of Government A. Locke’s Social Contract 1. People Sovereign Rulers B. Montesquieu- Separation & Balance of Powers C. Virginia Statue of Religious Freedom D. Republican Motherhood E. Each state had its own written constitutions John Locke Charles de Secondat Montesquieu

Land Ordinance of 1785

Will the country grow? What was the plan? Northwest Ordinance of 1787 est. of 3 to 5 states, see page 252 defined process for statehood pop. 60,000, forbade slavery “empire of liberty” not colonies “the utmost good faith” Native Americans

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress! Statehood achieved in three stages: 1.Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. 2.When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature. 3.When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

The United States in 1787

Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 A) divided federal western land into 640-acre sections B) greatly hindered western expansion C) sought to raise money by the sale of western land D) contained no reference to slavery E) provided for the creation of not less than three nor more than five states Answer: E) provided for the creation of not less than three nor more than five states Explanation: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance was a key accomplishment of Congress during the Articles period and encouraged western expansion as new states would come in as equals to the original thirteen. It established a pattern for new states entering the United States, outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory, determined that the land should be divided in not less than three, nor more than five states, and stated "Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged."

Original System of Government III. Articles of Confederation John Dickinson Home work- make a T chart that identifies the advantages and disadvantages of this system of government. A. Loose Alliance B. Power given to state C. One State = One Vote D. Many Restrictions of the Federal Government John Dickinson

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. 13 out of 13 to amend. Representatives were frequently absent. Could not tax or raise armies. No executive or judicial branches.

State Constitutions Republicanism. Most had strong governors with veto power. Most had bicameral legislatures. Property required for voting. Some had universal white male suffrage. Most had bills of rights. Many had a continuation of state- established religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

Indian Land Cessions:

Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.:

State Claims to Western Lands

Wholesale Price Index:

A Need for Change *Shay’s Rebellion Image from Shay’s Rebellion A Young Nation in Turmoil

Shays’ Rebellion: Daniel Shays Western MA Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

Shays’ Rebellion:

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington

Reactions to Shays' Rebellion Match the correct sources for the following two quotes about the rebellion led by Daniel Shays in 1786 Quote #1: "The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure." Quote #2: "Influence is not government. Let us have a government by which our lives, liberties, and properties will be secured, or let us know the worst at once." (A) 1-Sam Adams/2-John Adams (B) 1-Thomas Paine /2-Henry Knox (C) 1-Thomas Jefferson 2-George Washington (D) 1-Paul Revere /2-James Madison (E) 1-Alexander Hamilton/ 2-John Hancock Answer: (C) 1-Thomas Jefferson 2-George Washington

Annapolis Convention (1786) 12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Annapolis Convention While the 1786 Annapolis Convention was convened to discuss commerce issues among the various states, its real impact came in its call for A) war with Great Britain over western forts B) a constitutional convention to address defects in the Articles of Confederation C) condemning the rebellion led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts D) support for those seeking to overthrow French King Louis XVI E) a Bill of Rights Answer: B) a constitutional convention to address defects in the Articles of Confederation Explanation: Only five states sent representatives to Annapolis in 1786 to discuss commerce issues in a meeting that lasted only three days. The Convention concluded, however, with an invitation to a Constitutional Convention the next year in Philadelphia. Alexander Hamilton, among others, was eager to correct the defects in the Articles of Confederation.

Constitutional Convention at the city of brotherly love Philadelphia George Washington Chairman and 55 or 54 delegates (No Rhode Island) 2. Set Guidelines a. hold secret sessions b. 7 states as a quorum c. one state/one vote d. majority vote rules

Now the Debates Representation of the Small and Large States How to regulate the Slave Trade How to regulate Commerce How much voting power should be entrusted to the people?

Will We Really Last as a New Nation? Compromises 1. Virginia Plan (presented by Randolph, drafted by Madison) a. Federalism b. 3 Branches of Government c. two-houses based on population 2. New Jersey Plan (Patterson) a. One House b. Equal Representation Edmund Randolph James Madison William Patterson

Can’t We All Just Get Along? 3. Great Compromise (Sherman) a. Bicameral- two houses b. upper –(equal) lower – (representation based on population) Roger Sherman

Other Compromises 4. 3/5 Compromise (Slavery) (N v. S) James WilsonJames Wilson and Roger ShermanRoger Sherman a. taxation b. representation 5. Restriction of the Slave Trade a. importation of slaves until end of 1807 b. slave owners could pursue runaway slaves James Wilson

Another Major Compromise 6. Compromise over commerce (N v. S) Economic Differences a. tariffs b. imports not exports

Changes in the Constitution from the Articles Stronger union of states Equal and population-based representation Simple majority vote (pres. veto) Reg. of foreign and interstate trade Execution by President (carry out laws) Power to tax Federal courts Easier amendment process

Changes in the Constitution from the Articles Elastic Clause (“necessary and proper”) Gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution So why is this important?

Constitutional Convention Independence Hall, Philadelphia site of the Constitutional Convention The delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia managed to craft a number of compromises. Which of the following was not an area of compromise? (A) trade: no taxes were allowed on exports but Congress retained the right to control commerce (B) legislative bodies: a House of Representatives with representation based on population, a Senate with each state with two representatives (C) slavery: slaves counted as 3/5 of a white resident for both representation and taxation (D) assumption of debts: Congress assumed all of the debts of the 13 states (E) electing a president: citizens vote for electoral college members who then vote for the president Answer: (D) assumption of debts: Congress assumed all of the debts of the 13 states

Constitutional Convention Which of the following beliefs would have not been held by those advocating the ratification of the Constitution? (A) the Articles of Confederation created a weak, ineffectual national government (B) the separation of powers into three independent branches sufficiently protects the rights of the people (C) power should be concentrated in local and state governments (D) a list of rights is not necessary (E) only 9 of the 13 states need to approve the Constitution before it becomes the law of the land Answer: (C) power should be concentrated in local and state governments

Compromises at the Convention Which of the following was not an element of compromise at the 1787 Constitutional Convention? A) counting slaves in determining the number of representatives in the House B) Congress being able to ban the slave trade after 1808 C) a bicameral legislature, with each state receiving two members in the Senate and proportional representation in the House D) the location of the nation's capital between Maryland and Virginia E) a prohibition of taxation on exports Answer: D) the location of the nation's capital between Maryland and Virginia

Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

Ratification IV. What was/is Ratification? A. Federalists-(Strong National Government) Federalist Papers B. Anti-Federalists-(Strong State Government) Lee Papers C. June 21, 1788 ratified by 9 states Why was it important that all the states ratify the Constitution?

The Federalist The collection of essays published in 1787 and 1788 as The Federalist included all but which of the following arguments? A) a Bill of Rights was a necessary protection of the rights of citizens B) the Articles of Confederation were insufficient in governing the nation C) a republican government was best for governing a large territory like that of the U.S. D) political factions were dangerous E) a one-man chief executive is necessary for an effective administration Answer: A) a Bill of Rights was a necessary protection of the rights of citizens

Ratification FightDuring the fight over the ratification of the Constitution A) pro-Constitution forces faced no difficulties in gaining approval in each of the 13 state constitutional conventions B) people living in urban areas tended to oppose ratification C) small farmers and rural residents tended to support ratification D) most newspapers opposed ratification E) Anti-Federalists predicted that merchants and creditors would dominate the newly formed national government Answer: E) Anti-Federalists predicted that merchants and creditors would dominate the newly formed national government Explanation: The struggle to win approval of the Constitution was neither quick nor easy. But journalists, who were important opinion shapers, tended to favor the Constitution. Eric Foner states that out of 97 newspapers published at the time of ratification, only 12 opposed the Constitution's ratification. Most supporters lived in cities or areas dependent on merchant business, while opponents tended to be small farmers and others concerned about the ascendancy of a ruling merchant and creditor class that would stand to benefit most from the Constitution's ratification.

Constitution