1. Warm Up ■What was the significance of the Battle of Yorktown?

2. A NEW NATION Why were the Articles of Confederation unsuccessful?

3. Discuss… ■What similarities did the colonies have? ■What differences did the colonies have?

4. Republicanism ■States were worried about living under one central government. ■Americans thought democracy (government directly by the people) placed too much power with the uneducated people. ■Republic: citizens rule through their elected officials.

5. Continental Congress ■Gave each state one vote, regardless of size. ■Divided power between state and federal government in Articles of Confederation. –Federal government: declare war, control money, make war and peace

6. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 ■Some states had claims to land west of the Appalachian Mtns. ■Ordinance established divided land into territories and set up procedure for admitting new states.

7. Articles of Confederation Congress ■9/13 majority to pass law ■13/13 votes to change Articles ■Declare war ■Raise an army ■Cannot tax citizens ■9/13 majority to allow new state State ■1 vote Congress ■Tax citizens ■Tax trade with other states ■Don’t have to follow Congress’ orders ■Give money and troops to Congress if they want ■Can’t wage war without Congress’ approval

8. Problems ■Each state functioned independently. ■Continental Congress lacked the power to tax to pay war debt. ■Paper money or nah? ■Couldn’t fight challenges from Spain and Britain

9. Warm Up ■What were some of the problems with the Articles of Confederation?

10. Simulation Debrief ■Did this system work well for your state? ■What were the advantages of this system of government? ■What were the disadvantages? ■Is this a strong or weak central government? Why? ■What improvements would you make to this system?

11. DRAFTING THE CONSTITUTION

12. Shay’s Rebellion ■Farmers in debt revolted because their taxes were so high they were going to lose their farms. ■State leaders met in Philadelphia to discuss this and other problems.

13. Big States v. Small States ■Virginia Plan: Congressional membership based on population. ■New Jersey Plan: each state has one vote in Congress. ■Great Compromise (Roger Sherman): equal representation in the Senate, House of Representatives determined by population.

14. Slavery ■Southern delegates wanted slaves to count toward population, but the Northern states did not. ■Three-Fifths Compromise: 3/5 of a state’s slaves counted toward population. ■Congress could not interfere with the slave trade for 20 years.

15. New Government ■Federalism: division of power between state and federal government. –Reserved powers: powers given to the state. –Enumerated powers: powers given to the national government. ■3 branches: legislative, judicial, and executive –Checks and balances keep one branch from getting too strong

16. Sort the following activities into categories: 1.Decisions you should make on your own 2.Decisions your parents should make 3.Decisions you should make with your parents ■Curfew ■Clothes to wear ■Food to eat ■Age to start driving ■What to do with friends ■Age to start dating ■Classes to take in high school ■School activities to participate in

17. Federalists ■Supported the division of power between the state and federal government. ■Received support from cities and small states. ■John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton published The Federalist provided an explanation of the Constitution.

18. Antifederalists ■Against a strong, central government. ■Received support from rural areas and large states. ■Letters from a Federal Farmer by Richard Henry Lee discussed the rights that Antifederalists wanted protected.

19. Bill of Rights ■Antifederalists wanted a guarantee of certain rights like freedom of speech, the press, and religion. ■First 10 amendments guaranteed those rights and helped the Constitution get ratified.

20. Dear Fellow Delegates, Welcome to Independence Hall in the city of Philadelphia! As you know, you have been selected as a delegate to represent your home state during these proceedings. Our purpose is to discuss the defects found in our current government under the Articles of Confederation. Your input is not only desired, but necessary so that we can guarantee "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" to all Americans. I ask you to remember that whatever is said in these meetings is to be held in the strictest of confidence. Again, welcome to Philadelphia and thank you for helping to secure the best possible government for our country. Sincerely, James Madison

21. Use the 1790 US Census Information Sheet to answer the following about YOUR state: 1790 Total Population: 1790 Slave Population: Is your state considered a large or small state? (Hint: States with populations over 250,000 were considered large states.) As a delegate from your state, do you prefer the Virginia Plan or the New Jersey Plan? How should the US Constitution address the issue of slavery? Should slaves be counted for representation? How does your state feel about the issue of representation in Congress? Why?