The Civil Rights Movement 1954-1960. Educational Separation in the US prior to Brown Case.

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The Civil Rights Movement

Educational Separation in the US prior to Brown Case

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka  3 rd grader Linda Brown tried to enroll at an all white school and she was refused.  Linda had to walk 21 blocks to her bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary (segregated black school) 1 mi. away, while Sumner Elementary, a white school, was only 7 blocks from her house.  May 17, 1954: Supreme Court unanimously decided that segregation of black children in public schools violates 14 th Amendment  This didn’t end segregation in other public places nor did it say when the schools had to be desegregated, however, it was a big step towards civil rights.

Thurgood Marshall

Rosa Parks Dec. 1, 1955: 42 year old Rosa Parks took a seat in the first row of the “colored” section of the bus. Dec. 1, 1955: 42 year old Rosa Parks took a seat in the first row of the “colored” section of the bus. Bus begins to fill, and driver tells Rosa and 3 others to stand – she refused. Bus begins to fill, and driver tells Rosa and 3 others to stand – she refused. Rosa is arrested for “violating” Montgomery’s Jim Crow laws. Rosa is arrested for “violating” Montgomery’s Jim Crow laws. News of this arrest soon spread. News of this arrest soon spread.

Rosa Parks

Montgomery Bus Boycott In response to Rosa’s arrest, a boycott of the Montgomery buses was organized – NAACP In response to Rosa’s arrest, a boycott of the Montgomery buses was organized – NAACP The churches of Montgomery were organized, including Dexter Ave. Baptist Church – pastor is 26 year old Martin Luther King Jr. The churches of Montgomery were organized, including Dexter Ave. Baptist Church – pastor is 26 year old Martin Luther King Jr. MLK was elected to head the organization of the movement. MLK was elected to head the organization of the movement. Af. Ams. consisted of 75% of the riders. Af. Ams. consisted of 75% of the riders.

Montgomery Bus Boycott The boycott was so successful that they extended it from 1 day to 381 – enduring the hardships of walking everywhere. The boycott was so successful that they extended it from 1 day to 381 – enduring the hardships of walking everywhere. In 1956, the Supreme Court found that segregation on Alabama buses was unconstitutional. In 1956, the Supreme Court found that segregation on Alabama buses was unconstitutional. Dec. 21, 1956: King and other Af. Ams. rode the buses for the first time. Dec. 21, 1956: King and other Af. Ams. rode the buses for the first time.

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MLK Jr. The success of the Montgomery bus boycott strengthened MLK’s belief that non-violent protest was the most effective tool for gaining civil rights. The success of the Montgomery bus boycott strengthened MLK’s belief that non-violent protest was the most effective tool for gaining civil rights. King quickly became the most visible and eloquent spokesperson of the CR Movement King quickly became the most visible and eloquent spokesperson of the CR Movement Helped to est. the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in Helped to est. the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in In 1960, King helped to est. the Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) In 1960, King helped to est. the Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)

SCLC Opposed discrimination in public places, voting, and employment Opposed discrimination in public places, voting, and employment

SNCC Young students who coordinated sit- ins, marches, and Freedom Rides Young students who coordinated sit- ins, marches, and Freedom Rides

Resisting Desegregation The Supreme Court ordered school districts to desegregate “with all deliberate speed” The Supreme Court ordered school districts to desegregate “with all deliberate speed” Many did, but “deliberate speed” was interpreted differently in the Deep South – resistance soon began to develop. Many did, but “deliberate speed” was interpreted differently in the Deep South – resistance soon began to develop. Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957: Gov. Orval Faubus uses the state’s Ntl Guard to prevent 9 Af. Am. students from entering the city’s public high school. Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957: Gov. Orval Faubus uses the state’s Ntl Guard to prevent 9 Af. Am. students from entering the city’s public high school.

Resisting Desegregation Eisenhower took control of the Ntl. Guard and enforced the Brown decision. Eisenhower took control of the Ntl. Guard and enforced the Brown decision. 1958: “private” academies est. – blocked Af. Ams. from entering 1958: “private” academies est. – blocked Af. Ams. from entering It soon became clear that more than court decision would be needed to end segregation. It soon became clear that more than court decision would be needed to end segregation.