Alex M. Chrissy B. Tim S. DJ

Introduction to the Carbon Family The elements in the Carbon Family are Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead, and also Ununquadium. They are classified as… Metals- Tin and Lead Nonmetals- Carbon Metalloids- Silicon and Germanium

History of the Carbon Family Today carbon, tin and lead are some of the worlds most well known elements. Carbon was discovered in charcoal and has been developed since the 19 th century. Silicon was first obtained pure in 1824 by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius. Though impure silicon was obtained in Far before (at least 1500 BCE) it was recorded on the p- table. It was being used for things like jewelry by the Egyptians.

History of the Carbon Family Germanium was one of three elements predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. This was when he first devised his periodic table. It was finally identified in Origins of tin seem to be lost in history, but it was believed to be founded between 300–200 BCE.

Carbon Carbon occurs in all living organisms. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12 C and 13 C being stable, and 14 C being radioactive. Carbon can be found in rocks as carbonates of calcium (limestone), magnesium, and iron. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96 % CO 2. Electrons66 Protons666 Neutrons678 Mass121314

Silicon Is a tetravalent metalloid. In 1824, Silicon was discovered prepared and characterized in the pure form. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as different forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Physical properties: Phase: solid Density is g·cm −3 Liquid density is at m.p g·cm −3 It’s melting point is 1687 K, 1414 °C. While it’s boiling point is 3538 K, 3265 °C. Today silicone is used in white ware ceramics such as porcelain, and in traditional quartz-based soda-lime glass. Electrons14 Protons14 Neutrons14 Mass28

Germanium Unlike silicon, it is too reactive to be found naturally on Earth in the free state. Germanium is not thought to be an essential element for any living organism. Some complexes organic germanium compounds are being investigated as possible pharmaceuticals but none has had success.

Germanium SymbolSymbol: Ge Atomic numberAtomic number: 32 Atomic weightAtomic weight: 73 amu Group in periodic tableGroup in periodic table: 14 Period in periodic tablePeriod in periodic table: 4 Block in periodic tableBlock in periodic table: p- block ClassificationClassification: Semi-metallic Melting pointMelting point: °C or K Boiling pointBoiling point: 2820 °C or 3093 K

Tin Tin resists distilled, sea, and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates these attacks. When heated in air, tin forms SnO 2. It is, or was, used to plate steel, making "tin cans". Tin is used as one component in bell metals.

Tin SymbolSymbol: Sn Atomic numberAtomic number: 50 Atomic weightAtomic weight: amu Group in periodic tableGroup in periodic table: 14 Period in periodic tablePeriod in periodic table: 5 Block in periodic tableBlock in periodic table: p- block ClassificationClassification: Metallic Melting pointMelting point: °C or K Boiling pointBoiling point: 2602 °C or 2876 K

Lead Lead is a soft and flexible, heavy metal. Lead (Pb)- Atomic # 82 6p (2) It’s standard atomic weight is amu. It’s electron configuration is 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 2. Melting Point: K, degrees C, degrees F Boiling Point: 2022 K, 1,749 degrees C, 3,180 degrees F Density: g cm (-3) Liquid Densty: g cm (- 3) It is a solid.

History of Lead Lead is commonly used. Its been dated back thousands of years. “It’s widespread, easy to extract and easy to work with.” Though it’s very malleable and also ductile and is easy to smelt. Metallic lead beads have been found from in modern-day Turkey all the way back to 6400 BCE. During the early Bronze Age, lead was used with antimony and arsenic.

Lead bricks being used to shield a radioactive sample (Cs-137). Roman lead water pipes with taps Lead pipe in Roman baths Multicolor lead-glazing in a sancai ceramic cup, China- 8th century CE.

Ununquadium Symbol: Uuq Atomic number: 114 Atomic weight: 289 amu Standard State: presumably a solid Periodic Table Group: 14 ““ Period: 7 ““ Block: p Appearance Classification: Metallic *Note: Most information is still unknown.

Basic Info on Ununquadium Element114 was reported in January of 1999 after some experiments that took place in December 1998 that involved scientists at Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) in Russia. That purposively used isotopes supplied by scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. Only one atom was ever identified and has yet to be ratified. The results suggest Ununquadium will not form a tetrafluoride UuqF 4, but could be isolated as a water-soluble difluoride UuqF 2.