Yuan Shikai 袁世凯 ( ) The most powerful Qing official at the end of the dynasty The most powerful Qing official at the end of the dynasty An active reformer in the final decade of Qing rule An active reformer in the final decade of Qing rule Asked by Sun Yat-sen to serve as provisional president Asked by Sun Yat-sen to serve as provisional president Has Song Jiaoren, the elected president of the Nationalist government assassinated in March 1913 Has Song Jiaoren, the elected president of the Nationalist government assassinated in March 1913 Abolishes parliament and sets up a dictatorship in 1914 Abolishes parliament and sets up a dictatorship in 1914 Proclaims himself emperor: Jan. 1- March 22, 1916 Proclaims himself emperor: Jan. 1- March 22, 1916

Japan and the Twenty-one Demands Japan steps up their efforts to control China while European powers fight WWI Japan steps up their efforts to control China while European powers fight WWI List of 21 demands that call for increasing Japanese economic control of Manchuria, Mongolia, the Yangtze River, Fujian and coastal areas List of 21 demands that call for increasing Japanese economic control of Manchuria, Mongolia, the Yangtze River, Fujian and coastal areas Essentially Japan wants China to become a Japanese protectorate Essentially Japan wants China to become a Japanese protectorate Yuan Shikai forced to sign on May 7, 1915 Yuan Shikai forced to sign on May 7, 1915

China’s Warlord Era: Constant War Constant War Political disunity Political disunity Impact of warlords on the revolutionary process Impact of warlords on the revolutionary process

Warlord Impact on the Revolutionary Process “Nationalism”: not just about shaking free of imperialist powers--the warlords are a domestic threat--destroying China internally “Nationalism”: not just about shaking free of imperialist powers--the warlords are a domestic threat--destroying China internally Anti-warlordism becomes an overriding political issue Anti-warlordism becomes an overriding political issue Military force becomes a political necessity in 20 th Century China Military force becomes a political necessity in 20 th Century China

Zhang Zuolin( ) 张作霖 Rules Northeast China Rules Northeast China Connections with Japan Connections with Japan Develops industry, schools, prisons, military Develops industry, schools, prisons, military Governs those civilian populations under him through a ruling clique of military and civilian elites centered in Shenyang Governs those civilian populations under him through a ruling clique of military and civilian elites centered in Shenyang

Yan Xishan ( ) 阎锡山 Ruled Shanxi 山西 Province from 1912 to the 1949 Ruled Shanxi 山西 Province from 1912 to the 1949 Fervent anti- communist Fervent anti- communist Carried out significant social and economic reforms in his Province Carried out significant social and economic reforms in his Province

Feng Yuxiang ( ) 冯玉祥 A “roving” warlord, controlled much of Northwest China A “roving” warlord, controlled much of Northwest China Nicknamed the Christian General: Tried to instill Christian values in his men—mass baptisms with a fire hose Nicknamed the Christian General: Tried to instill Christian values in his men—mass baptisms with a fire hose Heavily Influenced by the Soviet Union Heavily Influenced by the Soviet Union