1. Pre-Civil War China
Mr. Parker
IB History

2. Kang Youwei
Political thinker and reformer of the Qing Dynasty
Wanted to move China to a Constitutional Monarchy
Radical thinker -
Equality of the sexes
Socialism over capitalism
Loathed by Empress Dowager Cixi
Competed with Sun for influence
Failed coup in 1917

3. Sun Yat Sen
First President and founding father of the Republic
Career revolutionary
Founder of the Nationalist Party (1912)
A uniting figure in post-imperial China
Author Three Principles of the People
Worked to re-unify China
Died in power passed to Chiang Kai Shek

4. Sun and post-1911 Politics
Puyi abdicates and Yuan Shikai became president
Government moved to Beijing and divided between Sun’s Nationalists and Yuan’s Republicans
Second Revolution - attempt to overthrow Yuan - failed - exile
Yuan banned the KMT, resurrected by Sun in 1919
Sun establishes a military government in Guangzhou
Sun-Joffe Agreement - collaboration between KMT and CCP
Led to the Northern Expedition
Sun dies and is replaced by Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi)

5. Yuan Shikai 1859-1916 Qing General
Negotiated the abdication of the Emperor in return for Presidency of the Republic
Conflict with KMT and Second Revolution
Established the provincial system that led the seeds for warlordism
Agreed to 21 Demands
Made himself Emperor
Died in office in 1916

6. Feng Yuxiang 1882-1948 Warloed and leader in Republican China
Known as the Christian General
Member of the Nationalist Party and participant in Northern Expedition
Vice President and War Minister
Split with Jiang over Sino-Japanese War
Never a Communist, but close to CCP

7. Chen Duxiu
Revolutionary, socialist (Trotskyist), educator and philosopher
Co-founder of the CCP (with Li Dazhao)
Leading member of May 4th Movement
Head of Peking University - forced to resign in 1919
First General Secretary of CCP
Disagreed with Mao (workers vs peasants)
An example of “deviation” from Marxist orthodoxy Flowers Campaign - never forgive anti-Maoist

8. Li Dazhao 1888-1927 Intellectual and co-founder of CCP
Active in New Culture Movement
As Librarian of Peking University, influential in May 4th Movement
Influenced by Soviet Bolshevik ideas
Believed in the importance of the peasantry in any future revolution
Cooperated with the KMT
Arrested, tried and executed by warlord Zhang Zuolin in 1928

9. Zhang Zongchang
Shandong Warlord known as the “Dogmeat General”
Highly capable warlord general
Used white-Russians to bolster his army
Conquered Shanghai and Nanjing in the 1920’s
Defeated in Northern Expedition
Fled to Manchuria and then Japan
Shot Prince Xiankai
Assassinated in Shandong in 1932

10. Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) 1887-1975
Military leader and President of China
established national government in Nanjing
Known as the “Red General” which was ironic given his treatment of CCP
Also known as General “Cash my check”
Author of the Shanghai Massacre and White Terror
Power base was in cities, Warlords and weakened CCP had the cities
Hated the Communists and this influenced many of his policies
Fled to Taiwan in 1949

11. Double Ten Revolution The Xinhai Revolution
Response to the decline of the Qing Dynasty
Inability to reform or modernise China
Not one single uprising or revolution
Wuchang Uprising 10 October 1911
Abdication of Emperor Puyi in February 1912
Aims were nationalism, republicanism, modernization and national unity
CCP see it as the revolution that “freed the minds of the people” planting the “seed of republic” and the “pathway to the development of the future revolution”

12. Twenty One Demands 1915 Set of demands made by Japan against China
Re-issued as 13 Demands, accepted by Yuan Shikai
Plan to extend Japan’s political and economic influence over China
Opposed by US and GB
Japan got less than they wanted, but lost prestige and support
Provoked Chinese nationalism
The May 4th Movement

13. New Culture Movement 1910’s and 1920’s
Reaction to the uncertainty of the Double Ten Revolution
Seen as root of 1949 Revolution
Developed in Beijing - Peking and Tsinghua Universities
Called for a new Chinese culture and rejection of traditional Confucian values
Political beliefs such as democratic and egalitarian values
Viewed as a break with past - rejection of feudal mentality
Influenced the founders of the CCP
The CCP claims it fulfilled the “promise of the New Culture Movement”

14. May 4th Movement Anti-Imperialist, cultural and political movement
Reaction to the Chinese government’s weak response to Treaty of Versailles
Move towards political activism over cultural nationalism
Challenged traditional values and norms
University students crafted their resolutions
Oppose granting of German concessions to Japan
Raise awareness of China’s weakness
Creation of a Beijing Student Union
Organise a protest against the government
Protests spread across China - strikes - economically crippling
Mao identified it as a “stage leading to revolution.”
Recognised as a significant turning point in Chinese history - radicalised intellectuals who then mobilized peasants and workers