Held vast power in many cities in the 1880s. Local governments provided few services. Political bosses helped people find jobs, and homes, built parks and constructed INFRASCTURCTURE and funded police, and fire departments. In return, the bosses expected votes from citizens and" donations” from municipal governments. Many political bosses were affiliated with ORGANIZED CRIME; the most NOTORIOUS was News York City’s “BOSS” TWEED

Held vast power in many cities in the 1880s. Local governments provided few services. Political bosses helped people find jobs, and homes, built parks and constructed INFRASCTURCTURE and funded police, and fire departments. In return, the bosses expected votes from citizens and" donations” from municipal governments. Many political bosses were affiliated with ORGANIZED CRIME; the most NOTORIOUS was News York City’s “BOSS” TWEED

Held vast power in many cities in the 1880s. Local governments provided few services. Political bosses helped people find jobs, and homes, built parks and constructed INFRASCTURCTURE and funded police, and fire departments. In return, the bosses expected votes from citizens and" donations” from municipal governments. Many political bosses were affiliated with ORGANIZED CRIME; the most NOTORIOUS was News York City’s “BOSS” TWEED

The term means hatred and fear of FOREIGNERS. Nativism has a long history in American politics. Nearly all political parties have exploited it at one time or another for political advantage. The KNOW-NOTHING Party was founded on NATIVISM; its members were united by their hatred for Irish, German, and Catholic immigrants. NATIVISM tends to be stronger in times of ECONOMIC DEPRESSION.

FREE and UNLIMITED Coinage of SILVER, The demands of the platform included FREE and UNLIMITED Coinage of SILVER, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of the telephone, telegraph, and railroad industries adopted by the PROGRESSIVE PARTY Many of these ideas were later adopted by the PROGRESSIVE PARTY

This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to its because he endorsed its usage In general, officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administration ; they were not always the most qualified for the positions Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to CORRUPTION & INEFFICIENCY; it was ended with the passage of the PENDLETON ACT

In general, was ended with the passage of the PENDLETON ACT

Was passed to end the PERVASIVE practice of elected officials awarding their financial or electoral supporters with government jobs. The Act created the CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, which oversees examinations for governmental employees.

Mugwumps Mugwumps – Groups that left Republican Party to become Democrats; this group heavily favored civil service reform and mistrusted James Blaine as the presidential nominee, as the group suspected his involvement in past corruption Election of 1880 united Garfield, a Half-Breed, and Vice President Chester Arthur, a Stawart.

Is considered the father of MODERN ARCHITECTURE. In the late 1800s, he developed the STEEL FRAME that allowed buildings to be built higher and higher, creating the SKYSCRAPER we know today. He is also credited with the phrase “form follows function”; the credo of modernist architecture and a rejection of the ornate buildings of the past. Among his followers was Frank Lloyd Wright.

The items listed would most likely be referred to in reference to Progressive Era Reforms (progress and safety for people)----

Democratic reforms were made throughout states, opposed monopolies and wanted a more “ACTIVIST” government and to continued CAPITALISM. Reforms helped develop the 16 th, 17 th, and 19 th Amendments

Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American Democratic process Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality Provided an outsider’s objective view of the AGE of JACKSON

Was written by the Frenchman Tocqueville, who traveled the USA in the 1830s. The Book is a study of the American political culture. In it, he expresses his admiration for the lack of a PERMANENT ARISTORCRACY in the USA, which, combined with untapped land and resources of the West, provides Americans with numerous opportunities to better themselves through hard work and education.