1. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present The Gilded Age and the Progressive Movement The Big Idea From the late 1800s through the early 1900s, the Progressive movement addressed problems in American society. Main Ideas Political corruption was common during the Gilded Age. Progressives pushed for reforms to improve living conditions. Progressive reforms expanded the voting power of citizens.

2. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present Main Idea 1: Political corruption was common during the Gilded Age. Political machines strongly influenced city, county, and even federal politics in the late 1800s. Political machines used both legal and illegal means to get their candidates elected to public office. — Stuffed ballot boxes with votes for their candidates — Paid people to vote with bribes, or bribed vote counters Supporters of political machines were often rewarded with government jobs. The most notorious political machine was New York City’s Tammany Hall, headed by William Marcy Tweed.

3. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present

4. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present The administration of Ulysses S. Grant, who was elected in 1868 and reelected in 1872, was charged with corruption. In Grant’s second term, federal officials were jailed for taking bribes from whiskey distillers. The scandal caused many Americans to question the honesty of national leaders. Corruption in Washington

5. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present Cleaning Up Political Corruption Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) promised radical and complete changes in government and made some minor reforms. James B. Garfield (1881) attempted reforms, but was assassinated by a disgruntled federal- office seeker early in his term. Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885), Garfield’s vice president, became president. Backed the Pendleton Civil Service Act passed in 1883. Grover Cleveland (1885–1889, 1893– 1897), a Democrat, worked hard to hire and fire people based on merit, not party loyalty. William McKinley (1897–1901) avoided scandal and helped win back public trust in the government. Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) helped control inflation and passed the Sherman Antitrust Act.

6. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present Progressives were reformers who worked to solve problems caused by rapid industrial and urban growth. – Eliminate causes of crime, disease, and poverty – Ease overcrowding in cities – Advocate for better education – Promote better working conditions and less child labor – Fight corruption in business and government Muckrakers were journalists who wrote about child labor, racial discrimination, slum housing, and corruption in business.Muckrakers – Influenced voters, causing them to pressure government officials Main Idea 2: Progressives pushed for reforms to improve living conditions.

7. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present Progressives started settlement houses, such as Jane Addams’s Hull House. City planners – Helped design safer building codes – Opened new public parks Civil and sanitation engineers – Improved transportation – Addressed pollution and sanitation issues, including waste disposal and clean water Death rates dropped in cities where city planners and civil engineers addressed urban ills. Reform Successes Reform and Reformers

8. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present Education reform included the enacting of school attendance laws. Susan Blow opened the first American public kindergarten. John Dewey advocated new teaching methods designed to help children learn problem- solving skills, not just memorize facts. Joseph McCormack led the American Medical Association in supporting public health laws. Social Reforms

9. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present Progressives worked to reduce the power of the political machines by – Ending corrupt ballot practices – Adopting the secret ballot – Adopting the direct primary, which allowed voters to choose party candidates rather than having it done by party bosses The Seventeenth Amendment allowed Americans to vote directly for U.S. senators. Main Idea 2: Progressive reformers expanded the voting power of citizens.

10. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present Recall, Initiative, and Referendum Initiative Some states adopted the initiative. It allowed voters to propose a new law and vote on it. Recall Some states and cities adopted the recall. It was a special vote that gave citizens the opportunity to remove an elected official from office. Referendum Some states adopted the referendum. It permitted voters to directly approve or reject a proposed or enacted law.

11. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 6 US History: Civil War to the Present The States Governor Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin challenged the power of the political bosses. He began a series of reforms called the Wisconsin Idea. His reforms decreased the power of the political machine. The Wisconsin Idea influenced other states. Government Reforms The Cities Some cities adopted a council-manager form of government, in which a professional manager runs the city. Other cities adopted a commission form of government, in which a group of elected officials runs the city.