TERMS AND IDEAS FROM THE WHITEBOARD Your notes should contain the following terms and ideas that I wrote on the whiteboard (because I haven’t made PowerPoint slides yet): Three Stages of Human Development  Paleolithic – Old Stone Age; crudely-shaped stones  Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age; bow and arrow, throwing sticks But something has to happen to go to the next stage…  Neolithic Hunter/gatherers Men hunt, provide less food, but do other important things Women gather, provide most of the food Plains Indians Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne Hunter/gatherers on the North American steppe (Great Plains) Rely on the bison for everything before Europeans arrived Nomadic Everything must be portable tipi – bison hides and lodge poles travois – frame for pulling belongings; dogs can pull or make a fine meal Bison extremely hard to hunt and kill without horses or guns As a result, food was not abundant (so gorge yourself on the kills you make like a pride of lions) Women less healthy, children at risk of dying in their first year (high infant mortality rate) High mortality hate kept their population’s growth stable Low population numbers baffled Europeans The arrival of horses and guns vastly increased their potential to kill more bison and competing tribes Juicy-Berry Bush Story Women invent agriculture Men take the credit later Agricultural is Invented! Dealing with a surplus of food for the first time You can’t carry much, but it’s OK because now you’re staying in one place Need to protect surplus from roving hunter/gatherers; the cave just won’t do Continues

Continued Being fresh out of Tupperware, you have to invent something to store the surplus in Pottery Inventing pottery thrusts you into the Neolithic: New Stone Age Pottery shards can tell us when people invented agriculture (The story picked up on PowerPoint) Fertile Crescent Great mix of biomes Good place to invent agriculture Being sedentary allows you to refine your culture Art Religion Populations rise Agricultural villages to store and protect the surplus Çatalhöyük and Jericho Unfortunately, the Fertile Crescent hill country is great for inventing agriculture, but not for expanding it Where was there good, flat soil and water to work with? Mesopotamia

FERTILE CRESCENT

D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENTJericho Çatalhöyük

Plant domestication Small grains wild grasses wheat D. Hardin

Plant domestication Small grains wheatbarley ryeoats D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT

Plant domestication Small grains D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT orzo couscous matza pita

Plant domestication Vegetables pealentil onion cabbage lettuce carrot turnipradish D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT garlic chickpea

D. Hardin Opium poppy hookah raw opium FERTILE CRESCENT Plant domestication Opium

D. Hardin Plant domestication Opium Afghanistan FERTILE CRESCENT

Animal domestication Cattle Auroch D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT

Animal domestication Bull as fertility symbol D. Hardin Theseus slays the Minotaur “Grab the bull by the horns” Minoan civilization Hathor EgyptSpain FERTILE CRESCENT

Animal domestication Sheep D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT Paschal lamb “Lamb of God”“Good Shepherd”

Animal domestication Goat D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT

Animal domestication Camel D. Hardin dromedary bactrian FERTILE CRESCENT

D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT Neolithic Period Jericho BCE - present

D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT Neolithic Period Çatalhöyük 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE

D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENTJericho Çatalhöyük

POTAMIA D. Hardin MESO Euphrates Tigris

MESOPOTAMIA Ur D. Hardin ziggurat

MESOPOTAMIA Babylon D. Hardin Ishtar Gate Hanging Gardens

MESOPOTAMIA D. Hardin

MESOPOTAMIA D. Hardin Epic of GilgameshHammurabi’s Code

Riparian oasis D. Hardin Nile River BIOMES

Riparian oasis D. Hardin Hapi Nile River BIOMES

D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River BIOMES

D. Hardin Aswan High Dam Riparian oasis Nile River BIOMES

D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River BIOMES

D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River BIOMES

D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River Abu Simbel BIOMES

D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River Abu Simbel BIOMES

view from plateauview to plateau NILE VALLEY Lower Egypt Giza D. Hardin

Upper Egypt Luxor D. Hardin NILE VALLEY

Upper Egypt Valley of the Kings D. Hardin NILE VALLEY Land of the Living Land of the Dead North

D. Hardin Multi-Racial Society Indo-EuropeanNubian SemiticHamitic NILE VALLEY

D. Hardin Cataracts NILE VALLEY

D. Hardin Nubia NILE VALLEY

D. Hardin Nubia Meroe NILE VALLEY