Kidde FM-200® Product Review Clean Agent Systems

Mission Critical / High Value Asset Protection

System Design Presentation for Fire System Engineers and Specifiers

The Properties and Application of FM-200®

Core Elements of module: What is FM-200® The development of FM-200® System and agent acceptance The suppression mechanism Application of the agent Post discharge issues Human Safety

What Is FM-200®? F H F F C C C F F ASHRAE Designation = HFC227ea

Basic Properties of FM-200® 1,1,1,2,3,3,3 - Heptafluoropropane CF3CHFCF3 Molecular Weight of 170 [c.f. Halon 1301 149] Boiling point [1 Atm]: -15.2oC Vapour Pressure - 4.5bar at 25oC (66 psi at 77oF) Liquid Density - 1427kg/m3 (89 lbs/ft3)

The Development of FM-200® Manufactured by Great Lakes Formerly largest Halon producers in the world of 1211 and 1301 Key objective was to find viable Halon replacement

Long-Term Availability Agent of choice for the leading fire suppression system manufacturers No international production controls or limits Supported by a Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, a global corporation committed to improving fire protection worldwide

Design and Component Approvals Full testing and approval programs completed internationally Underwriters Laboratory listed Factory Mutual approved LPCB listed USCG [MARINE] NFPA 2001 accepted BFPSA accepted ISO 14520 FM-200® accepted by EPA

The United States Environment Protection Agency: “HFC227 [FM-200®] is the most effective of the proposed HFC substitutes for Halon 1301” R Federal Register Vol. 58 No 90 Wednesday May 12, 1993

How Does FM-200® Work? Physical/chemical Thermal Transfer Absorbs heat from flame and fuel Heat capacity of molecules Endothermic Bond Breaking

FM-200® Physical Extinguishing Mechanism Chemical 80% Physical 80% Physical 20% Chemical 20% Halon 1301 FM-200®

The Physics of Fire Fire Triangle Fuel, oxygen, heat What is fire? A series of highly exothermic chain- branching free radical reactions Removal of any element of fire triangle results in suppression

Fast & Efficient Performance Removes heat so fire can’t sustain itself

How Is FM-200® Stored? The agent is a gas at ambient pressure and temperature [4.5bar] It is pumped into welded steel cylinders at vapour pressure, ensuring the agent is in liquid phase. The cylinder is then super-pressurised with Nitrogen to operating pressure [25bar]

Pressure/Temp Curve for HFC227ea, [super-pressurised to 25 bar] Max. Fill Ratio

How Is FM-200® Applied? Basic system consists of cylinder and valve, discharge pipe work and nozzle(s). System is activated by operating a control head fitted to the cylinder valve. This can be achieved my automatic or manual means. Agent is discharged as liquid from the pressurised container(s), agent vaporises at nozzle(s).

How Is FM-200® Applied? Discharge of 95% of agent must be achieved within 10 seconds. Agent penetrates area, the concentration of agent achieved (by volume) is not less than the minimum design concentration for the most volatile material being protected. The concentration is then retained for at least ten minutes.

Agent Concentration Testing. Hughes Associates Inc. Factory Mutual Corporation Underwriters Laboratory Loss Prevention Council United States Coast Guard….and many others

Agent concentration Class A Fires [ISO] Determined by wooden crib, polymer slab and cable tray fire tests. Extinguishing concentration: 5.8% minimum. Design Concentration [Minimum] – 7.5%, 30% Safety Factor applied.

Agent concentration Class B Fires [ISO] Determined by cup burner test for each risk material. Example: Heptane – cup burner: 5.8% minimum. [6.6% large scale cup burner]. Design Concentration [Minimum] – 8.6%, 30% Safety Factor applied.

Space Saving Installation CO2 requires 3 times number of cylinders Non-liquefied inerting extinguishants can require 10 times number of cylinders FM-200 requires 1.6 -2 times more space and weight than Halon 1301

Space Saving Installation Halon 1301 CO 2 Inert Gas

Oxygen Dilution Upon Addition of an Extinguishing Agent 60 Impaired Performance Zone Unimpaired Performance Zone 50 Inert Agents 40 Concentration - Vol. % Carbon Dioxide 30 20 FE 13TM Pass Out 12.3% NASA Minimum 10 FM -200 ® 9 10 12.3 16 21 Oxygen Concentration. %

Agent Decomposition Issues Hydrogen Flouride [HF] can be produced in small quantities during extinguishing process if temperatures exceed 700oC HF Concentration depends on: Fire type and growth profile Detection and control responses Discharge time Agent concentration Enclosure volume

FM-200® Decomposition HF concentration of the same magnitude as Halon 1301 decomposition products HF levels well below hazardous levels for people No threat to sensitive equipment Rapid discharge and extinguishing minimises the production of decomposition products.

Human Safety FM-200® is so safe, it has been designated as a replacement for CFCs as propellant in medical inhalers.

Definition Of Exposure Limit Standards NFPA 2001, Section 1-5.1.2.1: For Halocarbons in Normally Occupied Areas: Concentrations up to NOAEL allowed with no restrictions on egress time Concentrations > NOAEL up to the LOAEL allowed if egress possible in “X” minutes [X = time at which blood level equals LOAEL] Concentrations >LOAEL not allowed

US EPA Recommendations on the use of FM-200® Not normally occupied. % 12 10.5 LOAEL - Low Observable Adverse Effect Level 11 10 Exposure limited to 5 minutes. 9 8 NOAEL - No Observable Adverse Effect Level 9.0 7 6 No exposure limit, egress can exceed 5 min. 5 4 Minimum Design Concentration, 30% SF 7.5 3 2 Systems must exceed this concentration. 1 Minimum Extinguishing Concentration 5.8

Review: Fire Suppression Mechanism FM-200 - Predominantly physical action due to heat absorption capability plus chemical by inhibiting reaction between fuel and oxygen Reaches extinguishing concentration within 10 seconds (as Halon 1301) Highly penetrative gas provides homogeneous dispersion to protect entire area Provides ACTIVE Fire Protection

FM-200® is Provides Viable, Long Term Protection In World-wide Market Approved for use throughout the World System Approvals from FM, UL & LPCB Marine Approvals in place including USCG, DNV and ABS Kidde Equipment provides proven reliability Recognised and Accepted By BFPSA & NFPA 2001

Kidde Fire Protection GX20 System Design

System Design: Basic Principles

Design Fundamentals Designer must determine whether agent is suitable for risk material(s). Total flood application requires that the risk area be of adequate integrity to maintain the desired concentration for at least 10 minutes. Fan tests are usually required to determine if leakage is within limits Designer must determine whether expected temperature range is suitable for the equipment and/or flow calculation method

Design Basics 1. Determine Mass of Agent Required 2. Evaluate Nozzle Flow Rates & Coverage 3. Design Distribution Piping 4. Specify Cylinder & System Components

[1] Mass Of Agent Relevant Factors: Volume of protected space. Elevation above (or below) sea level. Temperature range in protected space. Fuel / Fire Risk.

Mass of Agent Volume of Risk Calculate gross volume of space. Always round-up rather than down. Do not forget to add the volume of recessed areas such as window frames. Reduce gross volume if there are impermeable objects or structural elements within the risk.

Mass of Agent Height of risk relative to sea level Atmospheric pressure (and so air density) varies with altitude Apply correction factor to basic agent quantity if risk is +/- 100m or more above sea level (software has field for elevation data entry). Note: Risk areas significantly above sea level will require less agent, while those below sea level will require more!

Mass of Agent Temperature effects Use minimum anticipated temperature unless otherwise stipulated by authority responsible. The target is a specified minimum % agent to air. When the air is cold it is more dense, therefore reducing the temperature will increase the mass of air present within a risk. To maintain a minimum concentration the quantity of agent delivered must be increased as the temperature drops.

Mass of Agent Temperature effects Note that concentration could exceed NOAEL or LOAEL at maximum temperature. Always check if unusually high temperatures are expected. The flow calculation software must only be used for unbalanced or multiple zone systems where the cylinder storage temperature is within the range 16 – 23oC.

Mass of Agent Fuel / Fire Risk and Concentration V/V % Standard Class A Fire (Surface fire, wood or other cellulose material) 7.5% concentration. Class B (Flammable Liquids) - Diesel @ 8.7% concentration - Mineral Spirits @ 8.6% conc. - Hydraulic Oil @ 7.7% conc. - Gasoline @ 9.0% conc.

Mass of Agent Fuel / Fire Risk and Concentration V/V % Energised Electrical Equipment 7.5% concentration - EDP Areas, Battery Room, Switchboard Room, Computer Rooms, Data Archives.

Mass of Agent Calculation of Flooding Factor Table 3.2, Design Manual Formulae Flow calculation software, V 2.21

Mass of Agent

Mass of Agent

[2] Nozzle Selection Relevant Factors: Min / Max Flow Min / Max Height Coverage, Positioning & Orientation Discharge patterns

Nozzle Coverage Min / Max Flow Design for minimum flow of 4kg from a nozzle Design for maximum flow from a nozzle depending on how fragile the operation within the risk: 70kg for a Computer Room or 100kg for a ‘bomb proof’ Generator Room Turbulent discharge can dislodge light, unfixed items.

Nozzle Coverage Min / Max Height The minimum height of any void recognised by FM is 300mm. For more shallow voids refer to KFP Manual for reduced coverage [3-9]. The maximum height, floor to ceiling for a single row of nozzles is 3.66 m. Beyond this additional tiers will be required, each up to 3.66 m apart. For heights below 600mm high the nozzle should be located no more than half the height below the ceiling.

Nozzle Coverage Maximum Area Coverage and Position Length of 13.4 m [44”] Width of 12.2 m [40”] 360o nozzle to be located close to the centre of the protected area of coverage. 180o nozzle to be located close to the centre of the wall. [Kidde Engineered Design Manual - 3-7]

Nozzle Coverage Basis 13.4 m 9.1 m 14.7 m 12.2 m 12.2 m

Nozzle Coverage Position, continued. 360o and 180o nozzles must have orifices installed 150 +/- 50 mm from ceiling. 180o nozzles must be oriented with centre of orifice array perpendicular to, and radiating outward from, wall of enclosure at a distance of 300 +/- 50 mm. All nozzles to be mounted in the vertical plane with flow direction downwards. They must not enter into the hazard at any other angle.

Nozzle Coverage Discharge Pattern, theoretical, plan view. 360 degree

[3] Distribution Pipe Work Relevant Factors: Fully Engineered or Modular Pre-Engineered for simple balanced systems Tee splits; permitted type and orientation

Distribution Piping Pre-Engineered Systems Pre-tested configurations based on simple 1, 2 and 4 nozzle balanced systems. Designer selects storage container, nozzles and pipe layout from tables in the Pre-Engineered manual. No flow calculations required. Flexible, fast design for basic systems. Strict limitations on pipe lengths, reduced fill range.

Distribution Piping Engineered Systems Require hydraulic flow calculations using Kidde Flow Calculation Software. Detailed printed report standard. Allows for unbalanced apportioning of agent. Allows for a single system to protect more than one compartment. NOTE: KFP recommend that floor and ceiling voids are protected unless they are completely sealed from the main risk.

Distribution Piping Tee Split Limitations - Bull Tees 50% / 50% Ideal Bull Tee Split 70% / 30% Max. Range Bull Tee Limit - Side Tees 30% / 70% Upper Side Tee Limit 10% / 90% Lower Side Tee Limit [Engineered Manual Section 3.14/Page 3-11]

Distribution Piping Tee Orientation And 15 Diameter Rule Tee Splits - Bull Tees: Horizontal and Vertical acceptable - Side Tees: Horizontal Plane only 15 Diameter Rule [Fig 3.5, 3-12] - A change of elevation or 2nd tee, following or proceeding a tee must be positioned 15 times the nominal pipe bore of that section away.

[4] Cylinders And System Components Hardware Elements: Cylinders: -Capacity -Storage location Actuation Hardware and Ancillaries Distribution pipe work and pilot lines

Agent Storage Containers Cylinders - fill range and capacities Maximum Fill density 1.12 kg/l. (Reducing fill density improves the flow characteristics of the agent) Minimum Fill Density 0.48 kg/l. 5, 8, 16, 28, 51, 81, 142 & 243 Litre sizes available.

Agent Storage Containers Cylinder - Storage As close as possible to protected space, storage temperature 0oC - 54oC. Installation within protected space is permitted. All cylinders on a common manifold must be of the same size and must contain the same amount of FM-200®. Retained by straps (1 per cylinder) 3

Cylinders are manufactured to DOT 4BW Specification GX20

Actuation Actuation Methods and Components Control Options Kidde Actuation Hardware

Actuation General System Arrangements Cylinders stored in one location - central bank (with close coupled cylinders) Cylinders spaced apart and in multiple locations - modular (with not close coupled cylinders) Cylinders manifold together - common pipe work and nozzles. NOTE: All cylinders discharging into one space must be actuated simultaneously.

Actuation Limits for common actuation circuits: Nitrogen Pilot Operation Close coupled 15 GX20 Cylinders [97m] Not closed coupled 15 GX20 Cylinders [97m]

Actuation Limits for common actuation circuits: Master/Slave Operation Close coupled 15 GX20 Cylinders Not closed coupled 4 GX20 Cylinders [30m]

Actuation Actuation Methods Manual local operation Remote Cable operation Pressure operated by pilot cylinder Electric Solenoid operation Pneumatic operation for automatic actuation via pneumatic heat rate of raise detectors Slave Actuation via pressure from Master FM-200 cylinder. 3

Actuation Control Heads :- GCV Valve, N2 Pilot Cylinder, Discharge Delay and Stop Valve [FM] actuation. Lever Operated Pressure Operated Cable Operated Lever/Pressure Operated Pneumatic control head c/w lever and cable facility Solenoid, stackable* or ex-proof. *Not suitable for N2 Pilot Cylinder 3

Lever Operated Control Head

Pressure Operated Control Head

Lever/ Pressure Operated Control Head

Electric Control Head c/w Manual Release

Stackable Control Head

Pneumatic Control Head c/w Manual Lever & Cable Release

Nitrogen Pilot Cylinder And Adapter

Standard Break Glass Pull Handle

System Hardware & Ancillaries Cylinder valve and distribution components: GCV valves in 40, 50 and 65mm sizes. Outlet hoses to suit above valves. Elbow checks for manifolded systems: 50 & 65mm. Manifolds: 2 & 3 port. Manifolds can be constructed from pipe fittings. Directional and Check valves (15-100 mm NB) Discharge Nozzles

GCV Cylinder Valve, 40 mm, 50 mm, 65 mm.

Note: adapter required to connect 40mm hose to elbow check valve Flexible Outlet Hose Note: adapter required to connect 40mm hose to elbow check valve

Elbow Check Valve, 50 mm, 65 mm.

Outlet Adapter [Brass, to suit GCV valve]

Cylinder Strap

Flexible Actuation Hose Available in two lengths, 559mm and 762mm.

Master Cylinder Adapter Kit

360 Degree Nozzle

180 Degree Nozzle

Stop (Direction) Valve

Ancillaries Additional Components: Discharge Pressure Switch, Standard & Explosion Proof Supervisory Pressure Switch Manifold Safety Outlet Pressure Trip Main to Reserve Transfer Switch, Electric Warning Labels, Control Point Labels Modular Container Brackets

Discharge Pressure Switch

Distribution Pipe Work Discharge pipe work, fittings and threads - Commercial [galvanised recommended] steel pipe to ASTM A-53 or ASTM A-106 Schedule 80. Schedule 40 and BS1387 Heavy acceptable up to 50mm - Fittings must be 300 lb. class (ASTM A-197), BS1740, BS 3799 or EN 10241 - Threads to conform to ANSI B-20.1 or BS21 - Reducers must be of the concentric type NOTE: Based on a max. working pressure of 42 bar.

Distribution Pipe Work Pilot pipe work and fittings GX20 Master Cylinder Actuation- up to 15 non-close coupled GX20 cylinders: Kidde pilot hose and fittings and/or 5/16” O.D. x 0.032” wall tube [8mm] S/S or Cu. No more than 30 m of tube from 1st GX20 cylinder. GX20 Master Cylinder Actuation - up to 15 close coupled GX20 cylinders: Pilot hose and fittings only. Flared or Compression fittings for tube connections

Distribution Pipe Work Pilot pipe work and fittings Nitrogen Pilot Actuation- up to 15 non-close coupled GX20 cylinders: Kidde pilot hose and fittings and/or 5/16”(8mm)O.D. x 0.032” wall tube [S/S only]. Pilot cylinder no more than 30 m from 1st GX20 cylinder. Nitrogen Pilot Actuation- up to 15 close coupled GX20 cylinders: Pilot hose and/or 1/4” Steel Sch40 Pipe. Pilot up to 97 m from 1st GX20

Distribution Pipe Work Jointing and Finish Welded or screwed joints are acceptable If screwed joints are used an appropriate jointing tape or compound must be used Black pipe must be primed and painted with rust inhibiting product Pipes should be painted red to show the usage