1. Fire Streams Geronimo Vol. Fire Dept.

2. Extinguishing Properties of Water G Water extinguishes fires by G Cooling G Remove heat from the fire G Smothering G Absorb large quantities of heat G Dilute oxygen G Water extinguishes fires by G Cooling G Remove heat from the fire G Smothering G Absorb large quantities of heat G Dilute oxygen

3. Heat Absorption G Small particles absorb heat and converts into steam more rapidly than a compact form G Example - same cubes of ice melt faster then large cube of ice G Fog stream verse straight stream G Small particles absorb heat and converts into steam more rapidly than a compact form G Example - same cubes of ice melt faster then large cube of ice G Fog stream verse straight stream

4. Water’s Expansion Capability G At 212  F water expands approximately 1,700 times its original volume when converted to stream G Example - If a nozzle discharges 150 gallons a minute, 20 cubic feet of water will be created. At 500  F that will convert into 48,000 cubic feet of steam. This will fill a room 50 feet wide by 96 feet long G At 212  F water expands approximately 1,700 times its original volume when converted to stream G Example - If a nozzle discharges 150 gallons a minute, 20 cubic feet of water will be created. At 500  F that will convert into 48,000 cubic feet of steam. This will fill a room 50 feet wide by 96 feet long

5. Water’s Expansion Capability G Steam will displace smoke and gases and mess up the thermal balance. G Insure that adequate ventilation is available G If ventilation is adequate G Fire will be extinguished or reduced in size G Visibility may be maintained G Room temperature is reduced G Steam will displace smoke and gases and mess up the thermal balance. G Insure that adequate ventilation is available G If ventilation is adequate G Fire will be extinguished or reduced in size G Visibility may be maintained G Room temperature is reduced

6. Important Characteristics of Water G Readily available and inexpensive G Water has a greater heat-absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents G Water changing into steam requires a relatively large amount of heat G The greater the surface area of the water exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed G Readily available and inexpensive G Water has a greater heat-absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents G Water changing into steam requires a relatively large amount of heat G The greater the surface area of the water exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed

7. Pressure Loss/Gain G Pressure Loss and Gain are effected by G Friction loss G Elevation G Friction loss is caused by G Hoses (length and diameter) G Nozzles G Adapters G Elevation G If nozzle is above the pump pressure is lost G If nozzle is below the pump pressure is gained G Pressure Loss and Gain are effected by G Friction loss G Elevation G Friction loss is caused by G Hoses (length and diameter) G Nozzles G Adapters G Elevation G If nozzle is above the pump pressure is lost G If nozzle is below the pump pressure is gained

8. Water Hammer G Water hammer is the sudden stoppage of water through fire hose or pipe G This can damage water mains, plumbing, fire hose, hydrants, valves, and hose clamps G Close valves and nozzles slowly to prevent water hammers G Water hammer is the sudden stoppage of water through fire hose or pipe G This can damage water mains, plumbing, fire hose, hydrants, valves, and hose clamps G Close valves and nozzles slowly to prevent water hammers

9. Water Fire Stream Patterns and Nozzles G Low-volume streams G Less then 40 gpm (booster hoselines) G Handline streams G 40 to 350 gpm (1 1/2 to 3 in hose) G Master streams G 350 gpm + (multiple 2 1/2 or 3 in hoses) G Low-volume streams G Less then 40 gpm (booster hoselines) G Handline streams G 40 to 350 gpm (1 1/2 to 3 in hose) G Master streams G 350 gpm + (multiple 2 1/2 or 3 in hoses)

10. Water Fire Stream Patterns and Nozzles G Solid Stream G Produced from a fixed orifice, smoothbore nozzle G Long reach G Penetration G 50 psi at the nozzle for handlines G 80 psi at the nozzle for master streams G No foam G Solid Stream G Produced from a fixed orifice, smoothbore nozzle G Long reach G Penetration G 50 psi at the nozzle for handlines G 80 psi at the nozzle for master streams G No foam

11. Water Fire Stream Patterns and Nozzles G Fog Stream G Composed of very fine water droplets G Settings G Straight streams G Narrow-angle fog (15 to 45  ) G Wide-angle fog (45 to 80  ) G Operate at the set nozzle pressure G Used mainly for interior attacks G Fog Stream G Composed of very fine water droplets G Settings G Straight streams G Narrow-angle fog (15 to 45  ) G Wide-angle fog (45 to 80  ) G Operate at the set nozzle pressure G Used mainly for interior attacks

12. Factors That Affect Reach G Gravity G Water velocity G Fire stream pattern selection G Water droplet friction with air G Wind G Gravity G Water velocity G Fire stream pattern selection G Water droplet friction with air G Wind

13. Fog Nozzles G Manually adjustable nozzles G You set the gpm on the nozzle G Automatic nozzles G Pressure from the pump determines the gpm G Manually adjustable nozzles G You set the gpm on the nozzle G Automatic nozzles G Pressure from the pump determines the gpm

14. Fog Nozzle Advantages G Dissipate more heat then solid stream nozzles due to greater water surface area G Aids in ventilation G Adjustable pattern G Dissipate more heat then solid stream nozzles due to greater water surface area G Aids in ventilation G Adjustable pattern

15. Maintenance of Nozzles G Check the swivel gasket for damage or wear G Look for external damage G Look for internal damage and debris G Check for ease of operation by physically operating the nozzle parts G Check to make sure that the pistol grip is secure G Check the swivel gasket for damage or wear G Look for external damage G Look for internal damage and debris G Check for ease of operation by physically operating the nozzle parts G Check to make sure that the pistol grip is secure

16. Foam G Foam extinguishes and/or prevents fire by G Separating G Creates a barrier between the fuel and the fire G Cooling G Lowers the temp. of the fuel and adjacent surfaces G Suppressing G Prevents the release of flammable vapors and therefore reduces the possibility of ignition or reignition G Foam extinguishes and/or prevents fire by G Separating G Creates a barrier between the fuel and the fire G Cooling G Lowers the temp. of the fuel and adjacent surfaces G Suppressing G Prevents the release of flammable vapors and therefore reduces the possibility of ignition or reignition

17. Class A Foam G Used on ordinary combustibles G Wildland and structure fires G May be proportioned as needed G From a dry (thick) foam to a wet (thin) foam G Used on ordinary combustibles G Wildland and structure fires G May be proportioned as needed G From a dry (thick) foam to a wet (thin) foam

18. Class B Foam G Used to help extinguish hydrocarbon fuel fires G Oil, fuel oil, gasoline, benzene, naphtha, jet fuel, and kerosene G Floats on top of the fuel G Traps vapors in G Keeps oxygen out G Proportion is per manufacturer’s recommendations G Normally 3 to 6 percent G Used to help extinguish hydrocarbon fuel fires G Oil, fuel oil, gasoline, benzene, naphtha, jet fuel, and kerosene G Floats on top of the fuel G Traps vapors in G Keeps oxygen out G Proportion is per manufacturer’s recommendations G Normally 3 to 6 percent

19. Proportioning G Four methods G Induction G Injection G Batch-mixing G Premixing G Four methods G Induction G Injection G Batch-mixing G Premixing

20. Foam Application Techniques G Roll-On Method G Stray foam at the front edge of the burning fuel G Bank-Down Method G Stray foam on an elevated object in the fuel G Rain-Down Method G Stray foam in the air above the fuel and let it rain down G Roll-On Method G Stray foam at the front edge of the burning fuel G Bank-Down Method G Stray foam on an elevated object in the fuel G Rain-Down Method G Stray foam in the air above the fuel and let it rain down