Status and issues in Potato Production

STATUS

Current Scenario  India is producing 41.3 m tons ( ) from 1.9 m ha at an average productivity of 22.1 t/ha.  2.8 m tons (7.5%) of the produce is processed.  2.96 m tons (8.5%) of the produce is used as seed.  0.1 m tons are exported  Post harvest losses are nearly 16% of the total produce.

 Varietal development – Developed 49 high yielding varieties for all regions and seasons.  Establishment of Indigenous seed production system – Seed production shifted from the hills to the northern plains to cater to the large demand of seed.  Growth in cold stores capacity – Helped in storing and maintaining the supply chain in off season across the country. Major factors that contributed to the growth of potato in India

Early (70-80 days) Medium ( days) Late ( days) Northern hills Northern plains Plateau Darjeeling hills Southern hills 6 Varietal development Processing-6 Heat Tolerance-1

- Seed Treatment -Presprouting -Early planting -Mechanization for faster cultural operations -Control of aphid vectors and diseases through regular sprays - Rouging - Haulms cutting before the aphid count reached critical levels. Agro-techniques of seed plot technique Indigenous Seed production system

Growth in cold stores capacity Growth of cold stores enabled reaping the benefits of higher yield due to seed plot technique

Future Targets Potato production estimates for the next 40 years Particulars Area (Mha) Production (Mt) Productivity (t/ha)

ISSUES  Wide gap in attainable and actual yields - how to bridge it?  Area expansion – Tropicalization ?.  Low availability of quality seed.  High Post harvest losses.  Increased diseases and Pests pressure.  Climate change – how to manage?

 Large areas in the Indo Gangetic plains and the neighbouring states have similar and high yield potential Developed a simulation model which would enable estimation of climatic potential for yield, for estimation of yield gaps and climate change studies. Potential Yield (t/ha) Yield gaps between attainable yields and actual yields - how bridge it?

Yield Gap Analysis Results (t/ha) Over AllUPBihar Punjab & Haryana WBGujarat Average_Pot_Yield Actual_Yield Yield_gap_attainable (%) The yield gap is around 50%. Through better irrigation systems and nutrient delivery systems this gap could be bridged e.g. Gujarat States with high yield and reasonable yield gap

Over AllOdishaMPRajasthanChattisgarhJharkhand Average_Pot_Yield Actual_Yield Yield_gap attainable (%) States with high yield potential but high yield gap The yield gap is wider (around 70%) Here the stresses are due to  Seed quality  Pests and diseases (BW, Whiteflies, Thrips, mites, PTM)  Water  Nutrients

 Impact of climate change on potato production has been assessed – Under no adaptation  Yield decline in India will be 2.6% by 2020 and 15.3% by 2050  Impact of climate change will be positive in NW plains, slightly negative in NE plains and severely negative in plateau regions.  Change in date of planting is the best adaptation strategy and in Punjab and Western UP it is likely to increase or sustain the tuber yield in 2020 and 2050  In Eastern UP and Bihar the delayed DOP might sustain the potato production with only minor losses (0-10%) How can the production targets be realised in the context of impending climate change?

Future Varietal Requirements  Short duration varieties which can fit in cereal based cropping system  Heat tolerant varieties to enable spatial diversification of potato to non traditional areas and to minimize the impact of climate change  Varieties with multiple disease resistance (WB, LB, Viruses)  Processing varieties to meet the growing demand of the consumers - Short duration - High resistant starch content - Cold induced sweetening resistant - Specialty potatoes

Transgenic approach for managing late blight K. Pukhraj SI2AS & K. Pukhraj control Relative Expression of Avr3a gene in transgenic K. Pukhraj SI2AS Using RNAi technology developed potato lines having high degree of resistance to late blight Silencing of Avr3a effector gene of P. infestans using RNAi approach

Use of Cis-genic approach for managing late blight  Rb – gene was used for developing LB resistant hybrids  Out of 120 hybrids, 5 have been selected  Evaluated hybrids in screening chamber and containment  LB severity varies from 5-22% as against of ≥80% in control  Higher yielder (33-133%)

 Late blight, viruses and Potato Cyst Nematode (PCN) resistant lines identified using molecular markers.  Combining above three resistances through conventional breeding.  Results: i. Few segregating lines with combined resistances identified. ii. Development of advanced hybrids (LBY-15 & LBY-17) having combined resistance to late blight and Potato Virus Y. iii. Identified 14 elite parental potato lines possessing multiple disease resistance genes. iv. A parental line having PVY extreme resistance gene (Ry adg ) in triplex state developed through molecular markers. Development of varieties with multiple disease resistance Combined resistance to Late blight, viruses and Potato Cyst Nematode (PCN) is under way: Triplex clone (YY 6/3 C-11) Advanced potato hybrids

Phenotyping of K.Surya K.Chandramukhi at 24 0 C night temperature with respect to tuberization Real time PCR analysis of KS and KCM revealed the 30 fold Higher expression of 17.6 Kda HSP gene (out of 8 potato HSP gene) over KCM Kda HSP LBSacI Xba I Hind III RB NosT CaMV 35S NosTnpt II Nos P 17.6Kda HSP gene Map Development of heat tolerant potato cultivar

Reduction of cold induced sweetening in processing cultivar using RNAi approach Control Fresh harvest Cold stored for 90 days Genotype% reduction in invertase activity K. Chipsona-1 control0.0 KChipInvRNAi ± 5.66 KChipInvRNAi ± 8.24 KChipInvRNAi ± 7.81 KChipInvRNAi ± 4.34 KChipInvRNAi ± 6.52 Silencing of invertase gene in K.Chipsona 1 by using RNAi technology

How to meet the seed requirement to realise the genetic potential?  Multiplication in Foundation and certified seed production stages not as per desired rate  Solution - Public – Private Partnership  Identify suitable sites in non traditional areas for seed production  Development and exploitation of new technologies

Microtubers: 50-60% survival Field multiplication-1Field multiplication-2 Basic or Breeder Seed Microplants MicrotubersMinitubers Culturing in liquid media Microtuber in vitro New Seed Production Technologies (Micro Propagation)

Aeroponic based seed production system

Adopt ecological niche modelling techniques to identify sites suitable for seed production in non traditional areas Sites suitable for seed production through seed plot technique (similar to the Indo Gangetic plains) exists in the North eastern states and can greatly alleviate seed deficiency of the area

How to minimise the post harvest losses?  Post harvest losses are to the tune of 16% of the total production.  Varieties with improved keeping quality.  Storage loses: Pre and post cold store losses by elevate temperature technology  Transportation losses: use of refer varieties.  Packaging?  On site storage?  Uniform distribution of cold stores

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