© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Chapter 5 Intermediate Sanctions: Between Probation and Incarceration 1

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Intermediate Sanctions New punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime. New punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime. 2

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Where and When Intermediate Sanctions Occur Front-end Programs: Punishment options for initial sentences more restrictive than traditional probation but less restrictive than jail or prison. Front-end Programs: Punishment options for initial sentences more restrictive than traditional probation but less restrictive than jail or prison. Back-end Programs: Sanctions that move offenders from higher levels of control to lower ones for the final phase of their sentence. Back-end Programs: Sanctions that move offenders from higher levels of control to lower ones for the final phase of their sentence. Trap-door/Side-door Programs: Emergency release options for special docket offenders, generally used to relieve prison overcrowding. Trap-door/Side-door Programs: Emergency release options for special docket offenders, generally used to relieve prison overcrowding. Net-widening: Increasing the number of offenders sentenced to a higher level of restriction. It results in sentencing offenders to more restrictive sanctions than their offenses and characteristics warrant. Net-widening: Increasing the number of offenders sentenced to a higher level of restriction. It results in sentencing offenders to more restrictive sanctions than their offenses and characteristics warrant. 3

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Value Of Intermediate Sanctions Provide a means for offenders who are not dangerous to repay their victims and their communities. Provide a means for offenders who are not dangerous to repay their victims and their communities. Promote rehabilitation and reintegration of the offender into the community. Promote rehabilitation and reintegration of the offender into the community. These things can be done at relatively low cost. These things can be done at relatively low cost. 4

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Boot camp $32,119 Prison 23,267 Jail 20,702 Halfway house 18,074 Remote-location monitor 4,102 Intensive supervision 3,551 Day reporting 2,781 Community service 2,759 Drug court 2,500 Probation/parole 1,222 House arrest 402 Cost per year Option per participant Average Annual Cost Of Correctional Options 5

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Types Of Intermediate Sanctions Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) - Control of offenders in the community under strict conditions, by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders. Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) - Control of offenders in the community under strict conditions, by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders. Probably more than 200,000 people on ISP currently. Probably more than 200,000 people on ISP currently. Protect the community and deter the offender breaking the law. Protect the community and deter the offender breaking the law. Thought to be more appropriate for high-risk offenders. Thought to be more appropriate for high-risk offenders. 6

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Types of Intermediate Sanctions - Continued Drug Courts - A special court empowered to treat, sanction, and reward drug offenders with punishment more restrictive than regular probation but less severe than incarceration. Drug Courts - A special court empowered to treat, sanction, and reward drug offenders with punishment more restrictive than regular probation but less severe than incarceration. The nation’s first drug court was developed in Miami by Judge Herbert M. Klein in The nation’s first drug court was developed in Miami by Judge Herbert M. Klein in Compared with other courts, drug courts are much less punitive and more healing and restorative in nature. Compared with other courts, drug courts are much less punitive and more healing and restorative in nature. Three primary goals: Three primary goals: Reduce recidivism. Reduce recidivism. Reduce substance abuse among participants. Reduce substance abuse among participants. Rehabilitate participants. Rehabilitate participants. 7

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Types of Intermediate Sanctions - Continued  Fines -Financial penalties used as a criminal sanction. One of the oldest forms of punishment. One of the oldest forms of punishment. Minor misdemeanors, traffic offenses, and ordinance violations. Minor misdemeanors, traffic offenses, and ordinance violations. Day fine – a financial penalty scaled both to the defendant’s ability to pay and the seriousness of the crime. Day fine – a financial penalty scaled both to the defendant’s ability to pay and the seriousness of the crime. Used heavily in Northern and Western Europe. Used heavily in Northern and Western Europe. Little research on effectiveness in reducing recidivism. Little research on effectiveness in reducing recidivism. 8

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Types Of Intermediate Sanctions - Continued Community Service - A sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax supported agencies Community Service - A sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax supported agencies Began in 1966 in Alameda County, California. Began in 1966 in Alameda County, California. Interchangeable with incarceration. Interchangeable with incarceration. 9

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Types Of Intermediate Sanctions - Continued Day Reporting Centers - A community correctional center to which an offender reports each day to file a daily schedule with a supervision officer, showing how each hour will be spent Day Reporting Centers - A community correctional center to which an offender reports each day to file a daily schedule with a supervision officer, showing how each hour will be spent First developed in Great Britain in First developed in Great Britain in Hampden County (Springfield, Massachusetts) Sheriff's Department opened first DRC in U.S. in Hampden County (Springfield, Massachusetts) Sheriff's Department opened first DRC in U.S. in

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Types Of Intermediate Sanctions - Continued  Remote-location monitoring - Technologies, including GPS and EM that probation and including GPS and EM that probation and parole officers use to monitor remotely the parole officers use to monitor remotely the location of offenders location of offenders  In 1997, Florida was first state to use GPS to monitor sex offenders. sex offenders.  Dr. Kathrine Johnson: “GPS technology allows offenders to be monitored as closely, some would say offenders to be monitored as closely, some would say more closely, as they would be in prison, at a more closely, as they would be in prison, at a substantial cost savings to the public.” substantial cost savings to the public.” 11

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Types Of Intermediate Sanctions - Continued  Residential Community Centers - A medium- security correctional setting that resident security correctional setting that resident offenders are permitted to leave regularly offenders are permitted to leave regularly —unaccompanied by staff—for work, for —unaccompanied by staff—for work, for educational or vocational programs, or for educational or vocational programs, or for treatment in the community. treatment in the community.  Also referred to as halfway houses.  More than 1,000 RCCs involving 27,000 adult residents are in operation. adult residents are in operation. 12

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Types Of Intermediate Sanctions - Continued Boot Camps - A short institutional term of confinement that includes a physical regimen designed to develop self-discipline, respect for authority, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment. Boot Camps - A short institutional term of confinement that includes a physical regimen designed to develop self-discipline, respect for authority, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment. First adult programs opened in Oklahoma and Georgia. First adult programs opened in Oklahoma and Georgia. Target young first-time offenders who have been convicted of nonviolent crimes. Target young first-time offenders who have been convicted of nonviolent crimes. Use of correctional boot camps is on the decline. Use of correctional boot camps is on the decline. 13

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Approaches To Developing Intermediate Sanctions Policy-centered approach - A method of thinking about and planning for intermediate sanctions that draws together key stake-holders from inside and outside the corrections agency that will implement the sanction. Policy-centered approach - A method of thinking about and planning for intermediate sanctions that draws together key stake-holders from inside and outside the corrections agency that will implement the sanction. Program-centered approach - A method of planning intermediate sanctions in which program design, development, and funding is usually undertaken by a single agency. Program-centered approach - A method of planning intermediate sanctions in which program design, development, and funding is usually undertaken by a single agency. 14

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Community Corrections A philosophy of correctional treatment that embraces A philosophy of correctional treatment that embraces decentralization of authority from state to local levels decentralization of authority from state to local levels citizen participation in program planning, design, implementation, and evaluation citizen participation in program planning, design, implementation, and evaluation redefinition of the population of offenders for whom incarceration is most appropriate redefinition of the population of offenders for whom incarceration is most appropriate emphasis on rehabilitation through community programs emphasis on rehabilitation through community programs 15