AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST

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Presentation transcript:

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST The linkage between oil, authoritarianism, Islamism, and terrorism against us The guiding goals of US policy in the region: Protect Israel Keep the oil flowing Prevent the spread of Islamism Democratization?

US Foreign Policy towards Iran 19th- & 20th C: A British and Russian plaything 1946: The outbreak of the Cold War started as the Russians refused to leave Iran, heightening US and CIA interest 1951: Muhammad Mossadeq: Nationalism, instability & Iran’s oil (of which the British had an 85% share) 1953: A CIA-sponsored coup (Operation Ajax) & the support for the brutal Shaw ($68 million immediately, $1.2 billion in the decade following) 1979: Carter, the Iranian revolution, sheltering the Shaw, &the hostage crisis 1980-1988: The US role in the Iran-Iraq War… lots of intelligence, aid, and even chemicals to Baghdad 1985: Israel, Iran, & the US: Irangate Present issues: How stable is Iran’s government? How much do we care about their human rights? Why can’t they have nuclear weapons? Support for the Palestinians, terrorism, pan-Islamism, and attacks against Israel

US FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS IRAQ 1920: Iraq carved out of the Ottoman empire; oil split among WWI victors and monarchy installed 1948: War with Israel…but 1956 Baghdad Pact 1958 Revolution: The coup looks like Egypt’s Nasser all over again 1961: 99.5% of the oil concessions nationalized A Russian proxy or non-aligned against the US in the region? 1963: General Kassam overthrown by the pan-Arab Bathists Significant CIA assistance (including lists of targets for murder); complete joy over results Bathists still warm to USSR because of our ties to Iran 1968: The US supports another coup on behalf of the Bathists 1979: Hussein becomes president; we have no problems

US FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS IRAQ 1980-1988: The US supportive role in the Iran-Iraq War, US approves chemical and biological dual use materials that are used as weapons 1981: Israel bombs nuke plant with no US objections 1990: The invasion of Kuwait and the our response: 100th dead; 300th wounded. Why did it happen? 1991, 1992: Kurds revolt, US establishes no fly zone over Iraq 1992-2003: UN sanctions over WMD programs lead to mass suffering but no revolts 1993: Iraq attempts to kill Bush, Sr. in Kuwait 2001: 9-11 and the neocons’s moment 2003: 23 Tomahawk Missiles go after Saddam, 150th US troops occupy the country Present issues: How much is at stake for the US in Iraq? Do we really want a democracy and self-determination? What are the regional implications of the war? How has it helped or hindered US interests and the GWOT?