1. Radical Islamic Fundamentalism
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How can global terrorism be prevented?

2. TEKS and Objectives I will… We will…
(1F) identify major causes and describe the major effects of radical Islamic Fundamentalism
Participate in a class discussion about the United States’ role in Middle Eastern conflicts

3. OPEC and Oil as a Political Weapon
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Many members located around Persian Gulf
Refused to sell oil to countries friendly with Israel
High oil prices gave them wealth and power

4. The Iranian Revolution (1979)
Shah Reza Pahlavi
Adopted Western culture/technology
Government guilty of corruption/repression
Overthrown by rebels
Ayatollah Khomeini
Islamic Fundamentalist
Iran’s new ruler

5. The Iranian Revolution
Radical Islamic Fundamentalism
Sought to restore basic Muslim values
Reaction to Western influences
Calls for strict enforcement of Sharia (Islamic) law
Iran under Khomeini
Constitution based on the Quran (theocracy)
Supported terrorists in Lebanon and elsewhere

6. The Iranian Revolution
Iranian Hostage Crisis
52 American hostages held at U.S. Embassy in Tehran
Released hostages 444 days later

7. The First Gulf War Saddam Hussein U.S. Response
Imposed brutal dictatorship in Iraq
Engaged in brutal war with Iran for 8 years
Invaded oil-rich Kuwait
U.S. Response
Feared invasion of Saudi Arabia
Troops sent to expel Iraqis from Kuwait
Allowed Hussain to remain in power

8. Al-Qaeda and the September 11, 2001 Attacks
Osama bin Laden
Wealthy Saudi
Helped fight against Soviets in Afghanistan
Angered by U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia
Al-Qaeda
Terrorist organization formed by bin Laden
Radical Islamic Fundamentalists
Fighting Jihad (holy war) against West
Trained members in Afghanistan camps

9. Al-Qaeda and the September 11, 2001 Attacks
Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked U.S. commercial airliners
Crashed into World Trade Center and Pentagon
George W. Bush
U.S. President
Declared “War on Terrorism”

10. The War in Afghanistan Taliban U.S. in Afghanistan
Radical Islamic Fundamentalists
Gained control of Afghanistan after Soviet defeat
Imposed strict religious beliefs
Allowed terrorist groups (al-Qaeda) to operate training camps
U.S. in Afghanistan
Afghan government refused to surrender bin Laden
U.S. and allies invaded and overthrew Taliban
Bin Laden captured/killed in 2011

11. The Second Gulf War Iraq U.S. in Iraq
World leaders suspected Hussain was hiding WMDs (weapons of mass destruction – nuclear, biological, chemical weapons)
Refused to allow UN inspectors to monitor country
U.S. in Iraq
U.S. and allies invaded in 2003
Hussain captured and executed
WMDs were never found

12. The Arab Spring (2011) Arab Spring Dictators Overthrown
Series of protests and rebellions that spread throughout the Middle East
Started in Tunisia
Spread to Bahrain, Yemen, and Sudan
Dictators Overthrown
Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya

13. The Arab Spring
Syria
Bashar al-Assad used brutal force to stay in power
Ongoing civil war has causes a refugee crisis

14. Journal Entry
In your opinion, should the U.S. intervene in Middle Eastern conflicts? Why or why not?