Photovoltaic Technology. How PV help in energy crisis The issue of renewable energy and particularly Photovoltaic Technology, is a pet subject of mine. I am passionate about the responsibility that we have to protect our environment for future generations. My company, Akhter Computers, provides network and communication solutions on a large scale. The Akhter Group also includes a company called Ultima Networks PLC, which is committed to providing environmentally friendly energy solutions. Solar panel and wind turbine installations, as well as energy saving lamps, are included in the Ultima portfolio. Today we will be looking at our increasing need for energy, the effect this is having on the planet and how we can make changes, over time, to become more responsible energy producers and consumers. Naveed Iqbal Akhter Solar Ltd

ENERGY USE Worldwide Energy Consumption 1980-2030

Where does our energy come from? Share of total Primary Energy Supply in 2010 10,376 Mtoe IEA Energy Statistics

ELECTRICITY - Energy used for Electricity Generation by Fuel Type, 2003, 2015, 2030

Electricity is becoming more important Increasing percentage of Total World Energy used for Electricity Generation Quadrillion BTU 41.6% Electricity is becoming more important 35.6%

World Electricity Generation by Fuel Focus on Electricity World Electricity Generation by Fuel

Sources of Electricity in Pakistan Focus on Electricity Sources of Electricity in Pakistan

Sector wise distribution of Electricity Focus on Electricity Sector wise distribution of Electricity

ENERGY PRODUCTION Fossil fuels +100% between 2003 – 2030 Electricity consumption increase Need sources of data Coal , 35% Gas , 20% RE, 18% Nuclear, 17% Oil, 10% Main fuel type : Natural gas and Oil Coal Gas Oil 260 yrs 70 yrs 50 yrs Reserves are running out + Demand outstripping supply Million metric tones equivalent Emission of CO2 Oil, 400 Gas, 250 Coal, 100 Increase of temperature causing climate change Prices are rising 28/03/2017 9 9

Supply and Demand of Electricity in Pakistan Electricity Deficiency chart Supply and Demand of Electricity in Pakistan Supply and Demand Position: 2008-2020 (MW) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Existing Generation 15,903 Proposal / Committed Generation 530 4,235 7,226 10,115 10,556 13,307 13,520 14,607 16,134 18,448 Total Existing/Commi tted Generation 16,484 20,138 23,129 26,018 26,459 29,210 29,423 30,510 32,037 34,351 Expected Available Generation 13,146 16,110 18,503 20,814 21,167 23,368 23,538 24,408 25,630 27,481 Demand (Summer Peak) 17,868 19,352 20,874 22,460 24,126 25,919 28,029 30,223 35,504 34,918 37,907 41,132 Surplus/Deficit Generation -3,338 -1,758 -849 -60 -1,293 -758 -2,381 -3,621 -4,593 -8,023 -7,437 -10,426 -13,651 Source: Private Power and Infrastructure Board - Govt. of Pakistan

Core Issues of Electricity in Pakistan 45% Population without Electricity Demand and Supply Gap Expensive Sources of Electricity

Expensive Distribution Expensive Installation Expensive Distribution Ultimate Solution Standalone Solar Home System

PV Power Plants Capital investment required:- 35 M US $ for 10 MW capacity Generate enough electricity to provide 15000 Homes Revenue stream commences from 7th month of start of project Commercially Feasible at tariff of 18cent/KWh or 15 cent/KWh at an increment of 2% per annum for 20 years Required Loan at soft interest rate of 2% Land Cost should be very nominal

PV Power Plants Capital investment required:- 35 M US $ for 10 MW capacity Generate enough electricity to provide 15000 Homes Revenue stream commences from 7th month of start of project Commercially Feasible at tariff of 18cent/KWh or 15 cent/KWh at an increment of 2% per annum for 20 years Required Loan at soft interest rate of 2% Land Cost should be very nominal

Net Metering Net metering is connection of small renewable energy generating system to Grid Incentive for consumer investment in PV generation system Low Cost easy administered Required arrangement with local electricity provider instead of state Feed in tariff required to announce.

Population Without Electricity More than 45% population without Electricity.

Primary Energy Mix Current 2010 Revised Plan 2030

Fossil generated per kwh The Future Is Bright Example of cost recovery on an installation amortised over 25 years. Assumes an increase in fossil fuel costs of 5% pa. PV generated per kwh Fossil generated per kwh Once a PV installation has been made, it will require minimum maintenance. This graph shows a £14,000 installation, written off over 25 years. After 25 years – the electricity is free! Advances in technology will bring PV costs down (max technology / minimum labour). Increases in labour costs will drive fossil fuel prices up (labour intensive, most technological innovations have been made). 20

Solar Energy The ULTIMATE source. How much is available? The sun’s rays provide enough energy to supply 10,000 times the TOTAL energy requirement of mankind. So, how do we harness it? Solar Thermal Photovoltaic

Photovoltaic Possible materials to make PV cells CdTe Cadmium Telluride CiGs Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide Polymers Solar power market share by technology Silicon Amorphous Thin Film Mono crystalline Multi crystalline

The Chain “Sand” Metallurgical Grade Silicon Electronic Grade Chunks Ingot Modules Bars Strings Wafers Just hit return once to drive the whole graphic Cells

Market Size By 2010, there is realistic potential for $30bn in solar power system sales 24

Production Cost Improvements Thinner wafers mean greater efficiency in price AND performance

Produced in Low labour cost area Cost Breakdown Produced in Low labour cost area 10.5% 2.6% 8.9% 78% (Labour cost $2/hour)

Produced in High labour cost area Cost Breakdown Produced in High labour cost area (Labour cost $10/hour) 10% 12% 9% 71%

Estimate of global average solar module prices Price Trend Estimate of global average solar module prices US$/watt

Viability Over 2 billion people in the developing world have no access to electricity. For these people, PV is probably the most economical power source today. It is anticipated that within the next 5 to 10 years, PV will become cost competitive with traditional power sources in countries with extensive electrical infrastructure (like the US and Europe).

Rising Oil Prices

Future Developments R&D is focused on increasing conversion efficiency and reducing cell manufacturing cost, to reduce electricity generation cost. Improved crystallisation processes for high quality, low-cost silicon wafers Advanced silicon solar cell device structures and manufacturing processes Technology transfer of high efficiency solar cell processes from the laboratory to high volume production Reduction of the silicon wafer thickness to reduce the consumption of silicon Stable, high efficiency thin-film cells to reduce semiconductor materials costs Novel organic and polymer solar cells with potentially low manufacturing cost Solar concentrator systems using lenses or mirrors to focus the sunlight onto small-area, high-efficiency solar cells

Thank you Naveed Iqbal Akhter Solar Ltd