+ Dr. Beenish Zaki Senior Instructor Department of Biochemistry Vitamins and its nutritional aspect

+ Objectives B 2, B 6, Niacin, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin C,E and K Other names Active form Important function Deficiency disease

+ Types of Vitamins Water Soluble B1 B2 B6 Niacin Biotin Pantothenic acid Vitamin C Fat Soluble Vitamin E Vitamin K

+ Beri

+ B 1 - Thiamine Other name: Thiamine Active form: Thiamine pyrophosphate Function: Co-enzyme for Citric Acid cycle,Hexose monophosphate pathway and Oxidation of branch chain amino acid. Deficiency Disease: Beri Beri Wernike-korsakoff ( Most common in Alcoholics)

+ Riboflavin deficiency

+ B 2 - Riboflavin Other name: Riboflavin Active form: FMN, FAD Function: Electron Transfer Deficiency Disease: Angular stomatitis or Cheilitis Dermatitis

+ B6B6 Other name: Pridoxine, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxal Active form: Pyridoxal phosphate Function: Co-enzyme for amino acid metabolism Deficiency Disease: Glossitis Neuropathy

+ Tuberculosis and B 6 Deficiency Isoniazid is the first line treatment of Tuberculosis. This drug can lead to deficiency of B6 Results in sensory neuropathy.

+ Pellagra

+ Niacin- 3 D’s Other name: Nicotinic acid and Nicotinamide Active form: NAD and NADP Function: Electron transfer Deficiency Disease: Pellagra Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia

+ Niacin and Hyperlipidemia It is an alternative treatment for hyperlipidemia

+ Biotin Active form: Enzyme bound Biotin Function: Carboxylation reactions Deficiency Disease: Consumption of large amounts of raw egg whites. The egg whites have a protein called Avidin which binds biotin. This results in deficiency of Biotin.

+ Pantothenic acid Active form: Coenzyme A Function: Acyl carrier

+ Scurvy

+ Vitamin C Other name: Ascorbic Acid Active form: Ascorbic Acid Function: Antioxidant Coenzyme for hydroxylation in procollagen  Proline hydroxyproline  Lysine hydroxylysine

+ Vitamin C and Scurvy The deficiency of vitamin C results in disease called Scurvy It is characterized by:  Sore spongy gums  Loose teeth  Poor wound healing

+ Fat Soluble Vitamin

+ Vitamin K Other name: Menadione, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Active form: Menadione, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Function: Gama-carboxylation of glutamate residue in clotting and other proteins. Deficiency Disease: Bleeding

+ Vitamin K deficiency and the neonates Vitamin K is produced by Intestinal bacteria. As the neonatal intestinal flora is not very well developed they do not produce vitamin K This can result in bleeding in the neonates. Intramuscular treatment with vitamin K is recommended at birth.

+ Vitamins E Other name: Alpha-Tocopherol Active form: Several tocopherol derivatives Function: Antioxidant Deficiency Disease: Red blood cell fragility leading to hemolytic anemia.

+ Overview There are two major classes of vitamins Fat soluble Water soluble Vitamins serve as mostly coenzymes in various reactions The deficiency of vitamins can result in disease conditions such as Beriberi and Scurvy Niacin can be used for treatment of hyperlipidemia Vitamin K deficiency can manifest in the neonates which can be life threatening.

+ Any Questions

+ References Lippincott 5 th Edition Images: deficiencydiseases/5-deficdis.html