1. 目录 Chapter 4 Vitamins

2. 目录 James Lind

3. 目录 Christian Eijkman (Ducth) found Vit.B 1 ( Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology,1929) Albert Szent-Gyorgyi (Hungarian) found Vit.C ( Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology,1937) Dam (Dane) found Vit.K ( Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology,1943)

4. 目录  Concept ： vitamins are chemically unrelated organic compounds that cannot be synthesized in adequate quantities by humans and, therefore, must be supplied by the diet.  Vitamin

5. 目录 Characteristics ： 1. neither the component of the organization nor the energy material ； 2. the requirement is limited. 3. It can not be synthesized by humans (or a little), and must be supplied by diet 。

6. 目录 Fat-soluble Vitamin ： Vitamin A 、 D 、 E 、 K Water-soluble Vitamin ： B-Complex vitamin, Vitamin C B-Complex vitamin ： B l, B 2, PP, B 6, pantothenic acid, biotin, Folic acid, B 12, etc. Classification:

7. 目录 Section 1 Fat-soluble Vitamin

8. 目录 Common characteristics ： （ 1 ） Lipid soluble ； （ 2 ） They are released, absorbed and transported with the fat of diet （ 3 ） They are transported with lipoproteins or some special binding proteins in blood ； （ 4 ） They are stored in the liver and adipose tissue. Types ： Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K

9. 目录 1. The chemical natures and properties (1) Natural forms (2) Active forms ： Ⅰ. Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid A 1 ——Retinol ， mainly exists in livers of mammals and seawater fish; A 2 ——3-dehydrogenation retinol ， mainly exists in livers of freshwater fish.

10. 目录 (3) Sources ： CH 2 OH 15 ／ VitA （ VitA 原） β- Carotene × 2 animal giblets, plants——Vitamin A former （ e.g. β- Carotene ）

11. 目录 2. Function and deficiency diseases (1) It is a component of the visual pigments of rod and cone cells Rod cells ： Rhodopsin ＝ opsin ＋ 11-cis retinal Deficiency diseases: Night blindness

12. 目录 Deficiency diseases: Darier disease Xerosis cutis (2) It is essential for normal differentiation of epithelial tissues and mucus secretion. Xerophthalmia

13. 目录 (4) It is an efficient antioxidant (3) It influences the cell differentiation

14. 目录 (1) Types ： VitD 2 ： in plants VitD 3 ： in animal tissue 1. The chemical natures and properties Ⅱ. Vitamin D UV VitD 3 7-Dehydrocholesterol UV VitD 2 Ergosterol

15. 目录 Vit D 3 25-OH-VitD 3 1, 25- （ OH ） 2 -VitD 3 Liver Kidney (2) Active form of VitD 3 ： 1, 25- (OH) 2 -VitD 3

16. 目录 (3) (3) Sources ： cod liver oil, animal liver, eggs…

17. 目录 (2) It influences the cell differentiation (1) Maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium 2. Function and deficiency diseases

18. 目录 children——rickets adults——osteomalacia (3) Deficiency diseases ：

19. 目录 High doses can cause loss of appetite ， nausea, hypercalcemia, etc. (4) Toxicity of vitamin D

20. 目录 (1) Types ： tocopherol ， tocotrienols 1. The chemical natures and properties （  、  、  and  ） (2) Sources ： Ⅲ. Vitamin E Vegetable oils are rich sources of vitamin E.

21. 目录 deficiency diseases: hemolytic anemia 2. Function and deficiency diseases (1) Antioxidation

22. 目录 (3) Promote the metabolism of protoheme (2) Prevent and cure the threatened abortion and habitual abortion deficiency diseases: sterility Clinical practice deficiency diseases: Neonatal anemia

23. 目录 K 、 K (2) Synthetic ： K 3 、 K 4 (1) Natural forms ： K 1 ---- phylloquinone （ in plants ） K 2 ---- menaquinone （ in intestinal bacterial ） Ⅳ. Vitamin K 1. The chemical natures and properties

24. 目录 It is required in the synthesis of prothrombin and blood clotting factors. (3) Sources ： Plants ； intestinal bacterial 2. Function and deficiency diseases

25. 目录 deficiency diseases: bleeding easily

26. 目录 Section 2 Water-soluble Vitamin

27. 目录 Water-soluble and readily excreted in the urine. They must be absorbed from the food frequently and can not be stored. They are precursors of coenzymes for the enzymes.  Types ： B-Complex vitamin, Vitamin C  Common characteristics

28. 目录 (1) Vit. B 1 ------- thiamine (2) Active form: thiamine pyrophosphate ( TPP) 硫胺素 (thiamine) TPP Ⅰ. Vitamin B 1 1. The chemical natures and properties

29. 目录 In many foods. (3) Sources ：

30. 目录 (1) TPP is the coenzyme for the pyruvate dehydrogenase. deficiency diseases: beriberi 2. Function and deficiency diseases

31. 目录 (2) TPP is the coenzyme for transketolase in pentose phosphate pathway. deficiency diseases: indigestion (3) Inhibit the activity of cholinesterase.

32. 目录 Ⅱ. Vitamin B 2 Flavin mononucleotide (FMN ） Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD ） （ 2 ） Active forms: （ 1 ） Vit. B 2 ------ riboflavin 1. The chemical natures and properties

33. 目录 Vit B 2 FMNAMP FAD Ⅰ ⅡⅢ

34. 目录 Milk and milk products, liver, eggs, meat, etc (3) Sources: 2. Function and deficiency diseases FMN and FAD are the prosthetic group for oxidation-reduction enzyme, which can reversibly accept two hydrogen atoms.

35. 目录 deficiency diseases: Cheilitis angular stomatitis

36. 目录 Ⅲ. Vitamin PP (1) Vit. PP including ： niacin nicotinamide (2) Active forms: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADP + ) 1. The chemical natures and properties

37. 目录 NAD + ： R 为 H NADP + ： R 为 Nicotinamide AM P

38. 目录 (3) Sources ： In many foods.  They are the coenzymes for anaerobic dehydrogenase 2. Function and deficiency diseases

39. 目录 3D ： dermatitis 、 diarrhea 、 dementia 。 deficiency diseases: pellagra

40. 目录 Ⅳ. Pantothenic acid (1)pantothenic acid (2) Active forms: coenzyme (CoA) acyl carrier protein (ACP) (3) Sources ： Widely distributed (plants, animals, intestinal bacterial…) 1. The chemical natures and properties

41. 目录 泛酸 4- 磷酸泛酰 巯基乙胺 CoA 的结构式 AMP

42. 目录 2. Function and deficiency diseases They are the coenzymes for acyltransferase.

43. 目录 Ⅴ. Biotin α-biotin——in yolk β-biotin——in liver (1) Types ： Biotin deficiency does not occur naturally because it is widely distributed in food. It also can supplied by intestinal bacteria in humans. (2) Sources ： 1. The chemical natures and properties

44. 目录 (1) It is a prosthetic group for carboxylase. (2) It takes part in signal transduction and gene expression 2. Function and deficiency diseases

45. 目录 Ⅵ. Vitamin B 6 1. The chemical natures and properties (1) Types ： pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine (2) Active forms: pyridoxal phosphate pyridoxamine phosphate

46. 目录 2. Function and deficiency diseases (1) Pyridoxal phosphate is the coenzyme for aminopherase and decarboxylase. (2) Pyridoxal phosphate is the coenzyme for ALA synthase.

47. 目录 no deficiency in general. (3) Pyridoxal phosphate is the coenzyme for enzyme of hyperhomocysteinemia catabolism. deficiency diseases:

48. 目录 F Dihydrofolate reductase NADPH+H + NADP + Dihydrofolate (FH 2 ) NADPH+H + NADP + FH 4 Ⅶ. Folic acid 1. The chemical natures and properties Dihydrofolate reductase (1) Active form: Tetrahydrofolate (FH 4 ) (2) Sources ： It is widely distributed in green plants In liver

49. 目录 Megaloblastic marrow Normal marrow 2. Function and deficiency diseases FH 4 plays a key role in one-carbon metabolism, is essential for the biosynthesis of nucleic acid. deficiency diseases: megaloblastic anemia

50. 目录 Ⅷ. Vitamin B 12 Methylcobalamin 5 - deoxyadenosyl-cobalamin (1) Vit. B 12 ------- cobalamine Liver, kidney, lean meat, fish, eggs, etc. 1. The chemical natures and properties (2) Active forms: (3) Sources ：

51. 目录 H CONH 2 CH 3 N H CH 2 CONH 2 H N CH 2 CONH 2 CH 3 R ： -CH 3 R ： 5`- 脱氧腺苷 H H H H CH 2 OH O OH N N CH 3 O P O O O CH CH 3 CH 2 NH CO CH 2 Co + C CH 3 R H C N H CONH 2 CH 2 N CH 3 CH CH 3 CH 2 CONH 2 CH 2 A B C D

52. 目录 hyperhomocysteinemia 2. Function and deficiency diseases It plays key roles in methyl transfer and one- carbon metabolism.  deficiency diseases: megaloblastic anemia

53. 目录 Ⅸ. Vitamin C (1) Vit. C------ ascorbic acid (2) Strong reducing ability, unstable. 1. The chemical natures and properties (3) Sources ： It is widely distributed in fresh vegetables and fruits.

54. 目录 (1) Participate in REDOX reaction; (2) Participate in the transformation of cholesterol; (3) Protect sulphur enzyme can not be oxidated; (4) Combined with the heavy metal ions and ruled out of the body. 2. Function and deficiency diseases Scurvey  deficiency diseases: