1. UNIT 6 VITAMINS

2. Learning Objectives Define vitamins
Classify vitamins according to their solubility
Explain the difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins
State the function of fat soluble vitamins

3. Learning Objectives State the function of water soluble vitamins
Describe the sources, daily requirements, deficiency diseases and biochemical role of fat soluble vitamins
Describe the sources, daily requirements, deficiency diseases and biochemical role of water soluble vitamins

4. Vitamins: Supplied in the diet
What are Vitamins?
Organic compound
Found in natural food
Required in minute quantities for normal growth, maintenance & reproduction.
Vitamins: Supplied in the diet
Hormones: produced by the glands in the body

5. Directly & indirectly affects enzyme activity
What are Vitamins?
Directly & indirectly affects enzyme activity
Some vitamins are co-enzymes or prosthetic groups of enzymes in both plants and animals

6. What are Vitamins? Differ from organic foodstuffs in the ff. aspects:
Vitamins do not enter tissue cultures unlike proteins
Unlike CHO, CHON, COOH, vitamins do not undergo degradation for providing energy.

7. Classification of Vitamins
Fat Soluble
Vitamins
A, D, E, K
B complex, C
Water Soluble
Vitamins

8. FAT SOLUBLE vs. WATER SOLUBLE
Sr.#
FAT SOLUBLE
WATER SOLUBLE 1
Do not form coenzymes
Precursors for coenzymes 2
Are not excreted in the urine; toxic in excessive quantities
Are nontoxic; excess amounts are excreted in the urine 3
Are stored extensively
Not stored extensively except Vitamin B12

9. Recommended Daily Allowance
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Name
Sources
Recommended Daily Allowance
Functions
Deficiency diseases
Vitamin A
Fish liver oils, butter, milk, kidneys and muscle meat
Adult: 750ug
Children: 300ug
Lactating/pregnant mother: 1200ug
Helps vision, keeps skin healthy
Xerophthalmia
Nyctalopia
Vitamin D
Cholecalciferol “sunshine” vitamin
Eggs, butter, fatty fish, fish liver oils
Adult: 5ug
Children: 10ug
Pregnant / Lactation: 10ug
Needed for strong teeth and bones
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Vitamin E
Tocopherol
Green leafy veg-spinach, cabbage, alfalfa, fish meal, liver, eggs and cheese
Male- 15IU
Female- 12IU
Keeps skin and RBC healthy; antioxidant prevents oxidation of Vit A and unsaturated fatty acids
Muscular weakness
Creatinuria
Fragile RBCs

10. A child with Rickets & Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

11. Fat Soluble Vitamins
Xerophthalmia

12. Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin E Deficiency

13. Recommended Daily Allowance
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Name
Sources
Recommended Daily Allowance
Functions
Deficiency diseases
Vitamin K
Coagulation vitamin
Green leafy veg- spinach, cabbage, fish meal, fish liver oils, liver, eggs and cheese
Adult: ug
Children: 1 ug/kg
Nedded for blood clotting.
Essential for the synthesis of clotting factors including prothrombin by liver
Retarded / delayed blood clotting

14. Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin K Deficiency

15. Water Soluble Vitamins
Name
Sources
Recommended Daily Allowance
Functions
Deficiency diseases
B COMPLEX VITAMINS
Thiamine (B1)
Lean meat, legumes and whole grains
1-1.5 mg per day
Needed for healthy nerves
Beriberi- a disorder of the NS with dependent edema involving trunk and extremities.
Riboflavin (B2)
Liver, dried yeast, egg, whole milk, milk powder, fish, whole cereals, legumes and green leafy veg
Adult: 1.5mg
Pregnancy / Lactation: 1.72 mg
Yellow crystalline compound helps cells use energy in foods.
FMN and FAD are coenzymes (oxidation reaction in metabolism)
Inflammation and break down of tissue around the mouth, tongue and nose, wound healing is impaired.

16. Water Soluble Vitamins
Name
Sources
Recommended Daily Allowance
Functions
Deficiency diseases
Niacin (B3) formerly known as Nicotinic acid
Liver, kidney, heart, yeasts, peanuts and wheat germ.
Amino acid tryptophan can supply niacin (60 mg of T= 1 gm niacin)
Adult: 20mg
Pregnancy: 22 mg
Lactation: 25mg
Helps cells use energy in foods.
Pellagra (N.S with skin rashes and glossitis)
Folic Acid
Liver, kidney and fresh leafy vegetables, cauliflower
Male: 200ug
Female: 180ug
Transfer of methyl groups as in the synthesis of hemoglobin, nucleic acids and methionine.
Megaloblastic anemia
GIT disturbances

17. Water Soluble Vitamins
Niacin: Vitamin B3 Deficiency (Pellagra)

18. Water Soluble Vitamins
Name
Sources
Recommended Daily Allowance
Functions
Deficiency diseases
Biotin
Liver, egg yolk, kidney, yeast and milk ug
As coenzyme for carboxylation reactions in the formation of fatty acids
Delay dermatitis
Muscle pain
Nausea
Depression
Pyridoxine
Yeast, liver, egg yolk and the germs of grains and seeds, less in milk and leafy vegetables
Male: 2 mg
Female: 1.6 mg
Pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine (coenzymes for decarboxylation of amino acids)
It is involved in the absorption of zinc by the intestine.
Epileptic seizures

19. Water Soluble Vitamins
Dermatitis, Muscle pain, hair loss
Deficiency in Biotin

20. Water Soluble Vitamins
Deficiency in Pyridoxine

21. Water Soluble Vitamins
Name
Sources
Recommended Daily Allowance
Functions
Deficiency diseases
Pantothenic acid
Egg yolk, yeast, kidney, lean meats, skimmed milk, sweet potatoes and molasses
4-7 mg
Constituents of CoA which is involved in CHO, COOH, CHON metabolism and in the synthesis of cholesterol
No deficiency – can be met in ordinary diet
Cobalamin (B12)
Antipernicious anemia factor
Liver, kidney, fish, eggs, milk, oyster and clams.
It contains the element cobalt (4.35%)
2 ug
Transfer of methyl groups, maintenance of myelin sheath, synthesis of nucleic acids and hemoglobin (metabolism of CHO, COOH)
Pernicious anemia, similar to folic acid deficiency

22. Water Soluble Vitamins
Sample of RBCs of Patient who has
Pernicious Anemia

23. Water Soluble Vitamins
Name
Sources
Recommended Daily Allowance
Functions
Deficiency diseases
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
Amla, guava, orange, lemons, lime, papaya, tomatoes, green chillies, green leafy vegetables
50g per day
Tissue healing increased, resistance to infection, antioxidant
Scurvy, poor healing wound, bleeding gums, mucous membranes loose teeh.

24. Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)

25. Any Question ?