1. 1 21.8 Vitamins and Coenzymes Enzymes and Vitamins Academic

2. 2  Enzymes are proteins that allow chemical reactions to occur in your cells.  Enzymes allow your cells to extract nutrients from foods, run your metabolism efficiently, and build/break down molecules for construction and repair of cells  Many vitamins act to help enzymes do their job. Without them, enzymes can’t work efficiently Enzymes and Vitamins

3. 3 Water-Soluble Vitamins Water-soluble vitamins are: Soluble in water (Vitamins B and C) Used as helpers by many enzymes. Not stored in the body -> extra are urinated out

4. 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins: Are A, D, E, and K. Soluble in lipids, but not in water. Important in vision, bone formation, antioxidants, and blood clotting. Stored in the body.

5. 5 Thiamin (Vitamin B 1 ) Thiamin: Was the first B vitamin identified. Is part of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate. Deficiency results in beriberi (fatigue, weight loss, and nerve degeneration).

6. 6 Riboflavin (Vitamin B 2 ) Riboflavin is: Needed for good vision and healthy skin.

7. 7 Niacin (Vitamin B 3 ) Niacin: Deficiency can result in dermatitis, muscle fatigue, and loss of appetite. Is found in meats, rice, and whole grains.

8. 8 Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B 5 ) Pantothenic acid: needed for energy production as well as making glucose and cholesterol. Deficiency can result in fatigue, retarded growth, cramps, and anemia. Is found in salmon, meat, eggs, whole grains, and vegetables.

9. 9 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B 6 ) Deficiency of pyridoxine may lead to dermatitis, fatigue, and anemia.

10. 10 Cobalamin (Vitamin B 12 ) Cobalamin: Is a coenzyme for enzymes that transfer methyl groups and produce red blood cells. Deficiency can lead to anemia and nerve damage.

11. 11 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Vitamin C: Is required to make collagen Deficiency can lead to weakened connective tissue, slow-healing wounds, and anemia. Is found in blueberries, citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli, red and green vegetables.

12. 12 Folic Acid (Folate) Folic acid (folate): Helps enzymes to form DNA in new cells Deficiency can lead to abnormal red blood cells, anemia, and poor growth.

13. 13 Vitamin A Vitamin A is obtained from meats and beta- carotenes in plants (carrots for example) Beta-carotenes are converted by liver enzymes to vitamin A (retinol). Important in vision, bone growth, and healthy skin formation

14. 14 Vitamin D Vitamin D (D 3 ): Is synthesized in skin exposed to sunlight. Regulates the absorption of phosphorus and calcium during bone growth. Deficiency can result in weakened bones. Sources include cod liver oil, egg yolk, and enriched milk.

15. 15 Vitamin E Vitamin E: Is an antioxidant in cells. Is found in vegetable oils, whole grains, and vegetables.

16. 16 Vitamin K Vitamin K 2 is needed for the synthesis of zymogens for blood clotting.