Life in Two City-States: Athens and Sparta Chapter 27 Life in Two City-States: Athens and Sparta

27.2: Comparing Two City-States Athens Located in Central Greece Athenians liked to travel They encouraged artists to come share their knowledge of art and architecture Developed strong relationships with other city-states Grew powerful through trade

Athens and Sparta were bitter enemies Was more isolated Located on a plain between mountains Peloponnesus Suspicious of outsiders and their ideas Grew what they needed around Sparta Took what they didn’t have by force Valued strength and simplicity Taught sons and daughters to fight Produced soldiers instead of artists and thinkers Athens and Sparta were bitter enemies

27.3: Athenian Government Democracy Only free men could be citizens all men over the age of 18 born in Athens were citizens Every citizen could take part in the city’s government Council of 500 met every day Every year names of all citizens 30 years old and older were collected and 500 were chosen.

Ran day-to-day business of government and suggested new laws Laws had to be approved by the Assembly Met every 10 days 6000 citizens had to be present for the meeting to take place If not enough showed up, slaves would round up citizens Assembly Debated and voted proposed laws Every citizen had the right to speak Water clock was used to time One cup was set above another with the water dripping in the bottom cup

27.4: Athenian Economy Economy based on trade because land could not provide enough food Traded with other city-states and foreign lands to get goods and other natural resources Wood from Italy Grain from Egypt Bought and sold goods at the agora

Agora Coins Huge marketplace Merchants sold goods in small stands People bought lettuce, onions, olive oil, wine, and other foods Bought household items like pottery, furniture, and clay oil lamps Leather sandals and jewelry were very popular Slaves were bought and sold Coins Made out of gold, silver, and bronze Image on one side had a picture of Athena, the other side Athena’s favorite animal, the owl

27.5: Education in Athens Main purpose Produce good citizens Boys and girls were educated differently Boys Until 6 or 7, were educated at home 6-14, went to school Teachers taught reading, writing, arithmetic and literature Books were read aloud because they were expensive

The boys had to memorize everything They used writing tablets Coaches taught sports Wrestling and gymnastics to strengthen muscles Studied music They learned to sing and play the lyre At 18, they begin their military training After their service, wealthy young men might study with private teachers Charged high fees for lessons in debate and public speaking, which would help them to become political leaders

Girls Did not learn to read or write Grew up helping their mothers Were taught to cook, clean, spin thread, and weave cloth Some learned ancient songs and dances for religious festivals Usually married around 15 Wealthy families the father chose Poorer families had more choice

27.6: Women and Slaves in Athens Women were not considered citizens Had fewer rights than men Could not inherit or own much property Could not vote or attend the Assembly Most couldn’t even choose their own husband Only a few had a job Some sold goods in the market Some were priestesses

Slaves Most spent their time in the home Managing the household and bringing up the children She had separate rooms and never went out alone She would spin, weave, and supervise slaves Educated her sons until 6 or 7 and her daughters until 15, when they married Slaves If person was not poor, owned at least 1 Some were born into slavery Others were captured in wars

Performed a variety of jobs Ran households Tutored children Trained as craftsmen Worked in farms or factories Some worked as clerks Unluckiest worked in the silver mines. 10 hours a day 300 feet below the surface

27.7: Spartan Government Oligarchy Council of Elders Even though there was an Assembly, all decisions were made by the Council of Elders Council of Elders Made up of 2 kings and 28 men The kings inherited their power and shared equally Other 28 members were elected by the Assembly Men had to be at least 60 years old and from a noble family Served for life

Assembly Held the real power Prepared laws for the Assembly to vote on Had the power to stop any laws passed by the Assembly Assembly Made up of male citizens Met in a large outdoor area away from the center of the city Had very little power Did not debate issues Could only vote “yes” or “no” on laws suggested by the Council of Elders

27.8: Spartan Economy Relied on farming and conquering other people Didn’t enough land to feed all its people Took land they needed from neighbors Used slaves and noncitizens to produce need goods Turned conquered neighbors into slaves (helots) Lived in their own villages, but had to give food they grew to the Spartans

Noncitizens Discouraged trade Called perioikoi Free men, not slaves Served in the army when needed, but couldn’t take part in the government Made necessary items such as shoes, red cloaks, iron tools, and pottery Discouraged trade Feared contact with other city-states would lead to new ideas that would weaken the government.

27.9: Education in Sparta Purpose was to produce men and women to protect the city-state A baby that appeared weak might be left to die Spartans valued discipline and strength From the age of 7 all Spartan children were trained to fight Girls even received military training They learned wrestling, boxing, footracing, and gymnastics

Most important thing was to be a brave soldier Spartan boys lived in barracks They were taught to read and write Most important thing was to be a brave soldier Spartan boys were taught to suffer any amount of physical pain without complaining They marched without shoes They were not fed well and were told to steal food At 20, Spartan men were given a difficult test of fitness, military ability, and leadership skills Pass  become Spartan soldiers and full citizens A man could not live with his wife and family until after he was 30 years old

27.10: Women and Slaves in Sparta Spartan women lived the same simple life as Spartan men Wore plain clothing with little decoration Did not wear jewelry or use cosmetics or perfume Were expected to be strong and healthy and ready to fight Was expected to look after her husband’s property in times of war Guard against invaders and slave revolts

Women’s rights Spartan slaves Free to speak with their husband’s friends Own and control their own property Could marry another man if their husband was away too long Spartan slaves Called helots People conquered by the Spartans More helots than citizens Government sometimes declared war on the helots to stop a rebellion Had some rights Could marry whoever and whenever they wanted

Could pass their names on to their children They could sell any extra crops after their master his share. If they saved enough, they could even buy their freedom