1. Sparta and Athens

2. Tyrants Rule Common people are very unhappy in Greece Farmers
Lost lands when they couldn’t pay off loans and interest to the nobles
Some had to sell themselves into slavery
All lost citizenship when they lost their land
Merchants and Artisans
Many wealthy from increased trade
Couldn’t participate in government didn’t own land

3. Tyrants Supported for the following reasons
Merchants wanted to be in government, tyrants promised to include them
Hoplites- mostly small farmers with huge debts
Tyrants built new markets , temples and walls to protect the citizens
Ruled for a small time, promises don’t come true , people want more participation in government
City states become oligarchies or democracies

5. Who are the Spartans
Descendants of the Dorians who invaded the Peloponnesus
Militaristic society- proud to serve and die for their city-state. Very disciplined society.
Conquered all neighbors and enslaved them(helots)
Afraid Helots would rebel, so they firmly controlled the people of Sparta

6. Military service Boys taken away at age 7
Treated harshly to toughen them up
Age 20 – men enter regular army for 10 years
Age 30 – return home, but continue training and fighting until age 60
All would die before they would surrender

8. Spartan Women
Trained in sports ; running, wrestling and throwing javelin
Kept fit to become healthy mothers
Wives were at home while men trained in military
Women of Sparta had much more freedom than other Greek women

10. Spartan Government 2 kings who headed the Council of Elders
Council of elders- 28 citizens over the age of 60
Presented laws to the assembly
Assembly – all men over the age of 30
Voted on laws presented by the council
5 Ephors were chosen from the assembly
Enforced laws
Managed tax collection

11. Spartan control To keep anyone from questioning the Spartan way they:
Restricted foreign visitors
Banned outside travel, except for military reasons
Discouraged citizens from studying the arts or literature

13. Athens Education was very important
boys had one teacher for reading, writing, and arithmetic
2nd teacher for sports
3rd teacher for singing and playing the lyre
This created well rounded Athenians with good minds and bodies
Girls- stayed at home and were taught by mothers to spin, weave and cook
Only wealthy learned to read, write and play lyre

14. Athenian Government Oligarchy to Democracy
600 B.C.
Land owning nobles seized power from the kings
Nobles were the ruling class and formed an Assembly, but it had few powers
Athenians began to rebel – farmers owed money, some sold themselves into slavery
Demanded an end to debts and land for the poor
One trusted man- Solon comes to power

15. Solon’ s Rule Cancelled all farmers debts Freed those in slavery
Allowed all male citizens to participate in Assembly and law courts
Council of 400 wealthy citizens wrote laws, but Assembly must approve them
After his rule 30 years of turmoil

16. 564 B.C. Peisistratus Won support of poor and farmers
Divided large estates among landless farmers
Loaned money to poor people
Gave poor jobs building temples and public works

17. 508 B.C. Cleisthenes Reorganized the Assembly to play a governing role
All male citizens belonged to the Assembly
Assembly could debate, hear court cases and appoint army generals

18. Cleisthenes Council of 500 citizens
Proposed laws
Dealt with foreign countries
Oversaw the Treasury
Council was chosen each year by a lottery
Women, foreign born men and slaves were still excluded from government