Vaccination Experience in AI Control in Indonesia Elly Sawitri Siregar Coordinator, HPAI-Campaign Management Unit Ministry of Agriculture Seminar 5-Vaccination against AI: Issues and Strategies Within the Context of an Overall Control Program Organized by World Bank, FAO, OIE and Tokyo Development Learning Center March 19, 2008

Overview Background Current HPAI situation Control programme Vaccination policy and implementation Vaccine efficacy Summary

Poultry Numbers Standing population: –Native/village317m (~630m annually) –Layer106m –Broiler175m (~1b annually) –Duck 35m Total >620m (plus others – quail, pigeon, goose…) Source : Livestock Statistic (2007)

The Poultry Industry Total investmentUS$ 35b TurnoverUS$ 30b pa People employed>10m Feed production 7.5m MT pa DOC broiler>1b pa DOC layer>100m pa Markets13,000 markets daily Abattoir processing<20% Source : Indonesian Association of Poultry Companies (2004)

Disease Situation First identified in /33 provinces have confirmed cases (286/444 districts) Incidence varies across the country –Endemic in Java, Bali, Sumatra and South Sulawesi –Lower incidence in eastern provinces –Based on limited surveillance Both commercial and village poultry Chickens, quails and ducks affected Human cases since July 2005

Poultry density and human cases

Districts with confirmed infection PDS, dinas and DIC data – 2007 (incomplete)

9 Strategies for Control Improvement of bio-security 2.Vaccination in infected and suspected areas 3.Depopulation (selective culling) and compensation 4.Control movement of live poultry, poultry products and farm waste 5.Surveillance and tracing back 6.Restocking 7.Stamping out in newly infected areas 8.Public awareness 9.Monitoring and evaluation * Decree of DG of Livestock Services, Feb 2004

National Strategic Plan National Strategic Work Plan for the Progressive Control of HPAI in Animals elements : Campaign Management Unit Enhancement of HPAI Control Including vaccination Surveillance and epidemiology Diagnostic laboratory services Animal quarantine services Regulation Communication R & D Poultry Industry Restructuring Reviewed in June 2007 – no substantive change, but recognised need to intensify campaign

Workplan 1.Improve the management, planning and capacity for HPAI control 2.Reduce risk / Improve HPAI prevention 3.Improve detection and response

Reducing Risk There are many high risk practices along the production and market chain These must be identified and the risk eliminated or reduced But this will take time, so… Vaccination of high risk populations will be necessary until risks reduced

Duck farms incl grazing By-productsChicken farms Other birds Incl. wild Duck farms Collector Yards Chicken farms Wholesale market Retail markets Wholesale market Quail farms 2007 Indonesia, after Sims Risk Slaughterhouse DOC Dealers Rice,crops Dealers Risk Pathways

Risk Reduction Target: Vaccine Farm biosecurity Ducks Transport/dealers Traditional markets Hatcheries Information, education and communication

Vaccination Policy

Rationale In mid 2003, AI was detected in Central Java and has spread to West Java and East Java…. and 2004 spread to Lampung, North Sumatera, Bali and South Sulawesi. Poultry industry was infected and movement of commercial poultry might be the cause of spread to other islands. Limited compensation fund was available for Sector 4 and Sector 3 (small scale) Sector 1 and 2 no compensation Mid 2004, vaccination policy was implemented by Government.

Vaccination Strategy Mass vaccination in mid 2004: 300 M doses available Inactivated H5N1 local isolate Free of charge Backyard and small farmers of any species Mass vaccination continued in 2005 and early 2006 Vaccination in sectors 1, 2 and 3 (breeders and layers) at their own cost with coverage estimated to be 90% in commercial layer and 100% in breeding flocks Mid 2006 due to limited vaccines – targeted vaccination: Inactivated LPAI vaccine (H5N2) 2007 – continued targeted vaccination of some populations in high risk provinces

AI Vaccines Vaccine use (GoI): 2004 : 132m doses 2005 : 143.4m doses 2006 : 102.9m doses 2007 : 98.5m doses Registered seed strains: H5N1: A/Chicken/Legok/2003 H5N2: A/Turkey/England/N28/73 A/Chicken/Mexico/232/94/CPA H5N9: A/Turkey/Wisconsin/68

Vaccination problems Complex programme management in the autonomy era Limited resources against scale of task Staff, equipment, operating, vaccine Low vaccination coverage in Sector 4 (wide area, large population, free range) A range of species infected - native chicken, commercial chicken, duck, quail Poor biosecurity/Sector 4 Vaccination in poultry industry – re-occurrence of outbreaks by end 2005 And vaccine efficacy issues (results of SEPRL-DGLS- AAHL-FAO) Review of antigenic variability of AI viruses in Indonesia Virus isolates required for further assessment…

Collaborative Vaccine Efficacy Project in 2007 MoA Indonesia AAHL Australia FAO USDA-APHIS and SEPRL, USA

Summary of Challenge Studies PWT-WIJ/06 resistant to most vaccines SMI-HAMD/06 was susceptible to most vaccines Papua/06 was intermediate Source: Swayne, 2007

Question? What is the significance of PWT-WIJ/06 ? Need representative viruses –Spatial, enterprise, species –Epidemiological information: vaccination status, clinical signs etc –Collected overtime

Available isolates - region Region Total Sumatra West Java, Banten, Jakarta 28 Central, East Java, Yogya Other Total

Summary of Sequence Analysis Isolates from Indonesia fall within one clade There are 3 other isolates that group with the PWT-WIJ/06 These 4 isolates appear to be somewhat different from the majority of isolates so far submitted Source: Peter Daniels, AAHL

OFFLU Project in Indonesia Oct 2007-Sept 2008 Concerns over vaccine efficacy –Challenge tests results at SEPRL (USDA) –Outbreaks in commercial industry OFFLU project Monitoring AI virus variants in Indonesia Poultry and defining an effective and sustainable vaccination strategy –MoA-Indonesia –FAO Rome, Bangkok and Jakarta –OIE –AAHL, Australia –VLA, UK –SEPRL, USA, –Erasmus, The Netherlands

Objectives –Antigenic mapping –Increased collection of representative isolates and mapping –Challenge tests/strain selection –Recommend Vaccination strategy Identify efficacious current vaccines Identify new seed strains, if required Ongoing monitoring

Work already carried out/on-going Virus characterization by DNA sequencing (AAHL, Bbalitvet, VLA) Efficacy testing of vaccine (SEPRL) HI tests (SEPRL, VLA, Bbalitvet) Antigenic cartography (Erasmus) Under progress- vaccine construction (rev genetics) and autogenous vaccine (SEPRL) Isolate sharing need to be increased

Summary HPAI remains endemic in many areas Long term approach to risk reduction is required Improved surveillance with better understanding of disease epidemiology Commercial industry support is critical Vaccination can be an important tool to reduce circulating H5N1 virus –Needs adequate resources and management –Monitoring of vaccination program critical –Is only component of successful disease control