The United Nations World Water Development Junko Kaito Kevin Lo Kevin Lo Megumi Makisaka Megumi Makisaka Paul Yoo

What is Sustainable Development? Definition: development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Source: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) Definition: development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Source: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)

“We cannot live without water. It is essential to every aspect of living.” “It is crucial to understand that freshwater is an essential element of life on earth. Clean water can also be strategically used as a tool to improve standards of living, especially in rural areas. A well managed supply of clean water supports crops, sustains livelihoods, reduces disease and ensures that ecosystems are safeguarded for the future.” “It is crucial to understand that freshwater is an essential element of life on earth. Clean water can also be strategically used as a tool to improve standards of living, especially in rural areas. A well managed supply of clean water supports crops, sustains livelihoods, reduces disease and ensures that ecosystems are safeguarded for the future.” Source:Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations Source:Nitin Desai, Secretary-General of the World Summit on Sustainable Development

The UN Sustainable Development World Water Assessment Program The World Water Development Report: part of an ongoing assessment project to measure progress towards achieving the goal of sustainable development formulated at Rio in 1992, and the targets set down in the UN Millennium Declaration of The international community pledged: The World Water Development Report: part of an ongoing assessment project to measure progress towards achieving the goal of sustainable development formulated at Rio in 1992, and the targets set down in the UN Millennium Declaration of The international community pledged: to halve by 2015 the proportion of people who are unable to reach, or to afford, safe drinking water; andto halve by 2015 the proportion of people who are unable to reach, or to afford, safe drinking water; and to stop the unsustainable exploitation of water resources, by developing water management strategies at the regional, national and local levels, which promote both equitable access and adequate supplies.to stop the unsustainable exploitation of water resources, by developing water management strategies at the regional, national and local levels, which promote both equitable access and adequate supplies.

Case Study 1: Integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme The Blair (ventilated improved pit or VIP) Latrine Where: Zimbabwe, Africa Where: Zimbabwe, Africa When:1985-Present When:1985-Present Organizations: The United Nations and The World Bank Organizations: The United Nations and The World Bank Purpose of the Program: to build a toilet (ventilated improved pit or VIP) in rural areas as a part of sanitation and hygiene education Purpose of the Program: to build a toilet (ventilated improved pit or VIP) in rural areas as a part of sanitation and hygiene education

Design of the VIP Latrine Removing Odors from the Latrine: It causes air to flow down into the latrine pit through the latrine squat hole and up out of the ventilation pipe Fly Control: Flies are attracted to the top of the vent-pipe rather than to the latrine squat hole. They are prevented from entering the vent-pipe by a fly screen fixed across the top of it.

Case Study 2: Chakaria Community Health Project Where: Chakaria, Bangladesh Where: Chakaria, Bangladesh When: When: Organizations: ICDDR,B, Mohakali Cholera Hospital, World Bank Organizations: ICDDR,B, Mohakali Cholera Hospital, World Bank Purpose of the Program: Assess status and treatment of water-borne illnesses in rural Bangladesh Purpose of the Program: Assess status and treatment of water-borne illnesses in rural Bangladesh

Poverty and Health Understand relationship between poverty and cholera (diarrheal disease) Understand relationship between poverty and cholera (diarrheal disease) Aims to look specifically at barriers to healthcare access: clean water, water purification, education Aims to look specifically at barriers to healthcare access: clean water, water purification, education Develop methodologies for assessing the prevalence and incidence of cholera Develop methodologies for assessing the prevalence and incidence of cholera Assess needs of rural communities with respect to water Assess needs of rural communities with respect to water

Goals of the Project Establish ties with rural areas to disseminate care and education Establish ties with rural areas to disseminate care and education Establish ICDDR,B as effective resource and training center for treatment of cholera Establish ICDDR,B as effective resource and training center for treatment of cholera Allow villages to have continued access to care and help VHP’s to become sustainable Allow villages to have continued access to care and help VHP’s to become sustainable Empower women to become educators in their communities: Water purification, water retrieval, hygiene, demystify cholera Empower women to become educators in their communities: Water purification, water retrieval, hygiene, demystify cholera

What did We Learn from the Local Innovations? VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe: VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe:  Good planning and staff training are important  People identify with home-grown technologies  Different people want different latrines  Hygiene promotion is essential  Sanitation subsidies need to be carefully designed

What did We Learn from the Local Innovations? Chakaria Community Health Project in Bangladesh Chakaria Community Health Project in Bangladesh  Poor communication between rural and urban areas, poor oversight  Bureaucratic/hierarchical strife  Cultural sensitivity  Local field workers  Inadequate evaluations

Recommendations Sound planning from the outset Sound planning from the outset Training and evaluations of project and staff Training and evaluations of project and staff Local field workers: manifold benefits due to sustainable community development and cultural sensitivity Local field workers: manifold benefits due to sustainable community development and cultural sensitivity Understanding local bureaucracy Understanding local bureaucracy Good communication Good communication

References UN/WWAP (United Nations/World Water Assessment Programme) UN World Water Development Report: Water for People, Water for Life. Paris, New York and Oxford, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and Berghahn Books. UN/WWAP (United Nations/World Water Assessment Programme) UN World Water Development Report: Water for People, Water for Life. Paris, New York and Oxford, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and Berghahn Books. VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe: From Local Innovation to Global Sanitation Solution. (2002, August). Water and Sanitation Program-Africa Region (WSP-AF). Nairobi, Kenya, the World Bank. VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe: From Local Innovation to Global Sanitation Solution. (2002, August). Water and Sanitation Program-Africa Region (WSP-AF). Nairobi, Kenya, the World Bank.