© John Wiley & Sons, Inc CHAPTER 5 States of Consciousness PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Understanding Consciousness Consciousness: an organism’s awareness of its own self & surroundings Alternate States of Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc.

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Understanding Consciousness Controlled Processes: Mental activities requiring focused attention Automatic Processes: Mental activities requiring minimal attention

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Daydreams Effortless shifts in attention Come in waves About every 90 minutes Peak between noon and 2 p.m. Average person spends half their waking hours fantasizing Momentary escape

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Waking Consciousness Awareness is a small part of consciousness Competing stimuli External (sounds, etc) Internal (pressure, pain) Select important stimuli; ignore everything else

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Circadian Rhythms Circadian Rhythms: Biological changes occurring on a 24-hour cycle Our energy level, mood, learning, & alertness all vary throughout the day. Sections of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) & the pineal gland regulate these changes.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Disrupted Circadian Rhythms Disrupted circadian rhythms from shift work, jet lag, & sleep deprivation may cause alterations in mood, concentration, motivation, attention, & motor skills.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep (NREM Sleep) NREM sleep (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement): includes Stages 1 through 4 involves lower-frequency brain waves, decreased pulse & breathing,& occasional, simple dreams serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs)

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep (REM Sleep) REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: light sleep (also called paradoxical sleep) involves high-frequency brain waves, increased pulse & breathing, large muscles serves a biological need may play a role in learning & consolidating new memories

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night

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Pause & Reflect: Assessment Judging by the cat’s posture, which cat is in NREM sleep and which is in REM sleep?

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Research The EEG, EOG, & EMG are common tools for sleep research.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Over the Life Span

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Why Do We Sleep? Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities Evolutionary/Circadian Theory: sleep evolved to conserve energy & as protection from predators

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Why Do We Dream? Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised symbols (manifest versus latent content) of repressed desires & anxieties Biological View (activation-synthesis hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells Cognitive View: dreams are a type of information processing

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Sleep Disorders Two major categories: 1. Dyssomnias: problems in amount, timing, & quality of sleep 2. Parasomnias: abnormal disturbances during sleep

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep Narcolepsy: sudden & irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Insomnia Difficulty falling asleep 35 million Americans Most grow out of stress and are temporary Medication May cause anxiety, memory loss, hallucinations, and violent behavior

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep Apnea Affects 10 to 12 million people Breathing difficulties Snoring Victim stops breathing after falling asleep Carbon dioxide rises, person aroused just short of waking consciousness May occur 100s of times per night

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Narcolepsy Hereditary Sudden nodding off Loss of muscle tone after excitement Enter REM sleep immediately Results in frightening hallucinations Dream while still partly awake May arise due to a defect in the CNS

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleep & Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal & feelings of panic

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Night Terrors (cont’d) In adults Personality disorders Drug/alcohol abusers Brain injuries (epilepsy) Nightmares and night terrors diminish with age

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sleepwalking/talking Sleeptalking/walking occurs in stage 4 More common among children About 20% Boys sleepwalk more than girls

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms Drug Abuse: Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others Addiction: Compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued) Psychological Dependence: Desire or craving to achieve effects produced by drug Physical Dependence: Changes in bodily processes that make a drug necessary for minimal functioning

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued) Withdrawal: Discomfort & distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs Tolerance: Bodily adjustment to higher & higher levels of a drug leading to decreased sensitivity

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoactive Drugs: How Drugs Work Agonist Drug: Mimics a neurotransmitter’s effect Antagonist Drug: Blocks normal neurotransmitter functioning

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Agonists vs. Antagonists)

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Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories 1. Depressants: Act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium)

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Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued)

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants 2. Stimulants: Act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)

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Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work Studying psychology helps explain why and how the stimulant methamphetamine destroys the teeth & gums of chronic users.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates 3. Opiates: Act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin)

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc How Cocaine Mimics Endorphins

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens 4. Hallucinogens: Produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychology at Work: Club Drug Alert! Popular “Club Drugs”: Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol) MDMA (Ecstasy) GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) Special K (Ketamine) Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, & produce an ASC

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Hypnosis: Trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, & intense focus

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc Pause & Reflect: Assessment Do you recognize the following myths about hypnosis? 1. Forced hypnosis 2. Unethical behavior 3. Exceptional memory 4. Superhuman strength 5. Fakery

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc End of CHAPTER 5 States of Consciousness PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation