1. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Two notions of consciousness 1. General state of arousal (sleep vs. wakefulness) 2. Attentional focus or current awareness (watching football game or listening to wife)

2. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Consciousness Alternate States of Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc.

3. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Cognitive Studies of Consciousness: Generally deal with 2 nd notion 1. Consciousness as attentional focus: Cocktail party effect (selective attention) 2. Automatic vs. Controlled processing (effects of practice on conscious awareness) 3. Implicit vs. Explicit memory  Recall test vs. Perceptual Identification test  Effects of priming

4. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Cognitive Studies of consciousness: Priming test Word or non-word RT measure FORK = word; DXMZ = non-word SIGN – FORK DXMZ – FORK SPOON – FORK (sig reduction in rt) Unconscious priming? -- yes

5. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Cognitive studies of consciousness: Exclusion task in priming Coconut…palm (tree or wrist?) cons: only tree/uncon: either Hand…palm (tree or wrist?) cons: only wrist/uncon: either Stem completion task: complete BUT_ _ _ (could be butter or butler). What happens when one is presented earlier either consciously or unconsciously?) But can only be excluded consciously

6. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Cognitive studies of consciousness: Brain Damaged Subjects 1. Blindsight: loss of visual consciousness due to damage to primary visual cortex 2. Prosopagnosia: loss of face recognition due to damage to temporal lobe visual pathway.

7. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Stage 1 (lightest sleep) Stage 2 (deeper sleep) Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep) REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Light sleep (also called paradoxical sleep)

8. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) NREM (non-REM) sleep:  includes Stages 1 through 4  involves lower-frequency brain waves, decreased pulse and breathing,and occasional, simple dreams  serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs)

9. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep:  also known as paradoxical sleep.  involves high-frequency brain waves, increased pulse and breathing, large muscle.  serves a biological need.  may play a role in learning and consolidating new memories.

10. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night

11. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Research The EEG, EOG, and EMG are common tools for sleep research. What Happens When We Sleep

12. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves

13. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span

14. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals

15. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Sleep? Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities Evolutionary/Circadian Theory: sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators Cognitive Theory: dreams improve information processing

16. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Dream? Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised symbols (manifest versus latent content) of repressed desires and anxieties Biological Theory (activation-synthesis hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells

17. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Sleep Disorders Two major categories: 1. Dyssomnias: problems in amount, timing, and quality of sleep 2. Parasomnias: abnormal disturbances during sleep

18. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours

19. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs

20. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic

21. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception

22. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms Drug Abuse: drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others Addiction: compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity

23. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms Psychological Dependence: desire or craving to achieve effects produced by drug Physical Dependence: bodily processes have been so modified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms

24. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued) Withdrawal: discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs Tolerance: decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continuous use

25. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories 1. Depressants: act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium) Alcohol & Neurotransmitters

26. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued)

27. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

28. Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants 2. Stimulants: act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)

29. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates 3. Opiates: act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin)

30. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens 4. Hallucinogens: produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)

31. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

32. Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Club Drug Alert! Popular “Club Drugs”:  Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol)  MDMA (Ecstasy)  GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate)  Special K (Ketamine)  Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine)  LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

33. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of neurotransmitters. Step 2). Change the storage or release of neurotransmitters. Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters. Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the reuptake or break-down) of excess neurotransmitters.

34. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists)

35. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

36. Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an ASC

37. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Hypnosis: trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus

38. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy.

39. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Upper Paleolithic Cave Art: Indications of rituals to achieve ASC?

40. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Traditional ceremonies Mandan Indiana sun-dance: altered state as pain endurance

41. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Ritual Use of Altered State Intoxicants As far back as we can trace, humans have used consciousness altering rituals and intoxicants, but always together and always under supervision or regulation. The ritual regulated the drug use.