Fisheries and Oil Industries Unit 4 Review

A microscopic, single-celled plant organism that is the basis of the food chain: A. Zooplankton B. Seaweed C. Phytoplankton D. Decayed marine life C

An organism that lives in shallow seawater and eats decayed marine life: A. Zooplankton B. Seaweed C. Phytoplankton D. Capelin C

A microscopic, single celled animal organism that feeds on phytoplankton and is food for small fish like capelin. A. Zooplankton B. Seaweed C. Phytoplankton D. Decayed marine life A

True or False? The Continental Shelf is a landmass that is submerged under 500m or less of ocean water. False: 200 m or less False: 200 m or less

Fishing Bank: The water is less than ____m deep. Fish are attracted to this area because food such as __________ and __________ are plentiful, and the banks are great places to _______. 150, phytoplankton, zooplankton, spawn 150, phytoplankton, zooplankton, spawn

Atlantic Offshore Fishery  Boats travel great distances from the shore ( up to 370km). T or F?  Remain at sea for many months before returning to home port. T or F?  They have traditional and simple technology. T or F?  The boats are long (20-50m) T or F? T, F, F, T T, F, F, T

Atlantic Offshore Fishery (cont…)  Boats return to large harbours near fish processing plants. T or F?  Many boats have their own fish processing equipment on board. T or F?  Traditionally run by father and sons. T or F? T, T, F T, T, F

Offshore Fishery cont… *50% of fishers work in the offshore fishery. T or F? *Offshore fishing accounts for 90% of the total Atlantic catch. T or F? *Offshore boats are able to withstand the harsh ocean environment, therefore crews can work year- round. T or F? *Crews’ income is not steady. T or F? *Major species caught: cod, herring, Atlantic salmon, scallops, lobster and crab F(15%), T, T, F(steady), T

Fill in the blank…  _______________ is the main type of fishing technique used in Canada's Atlantic offshore fishing fleet.  _______-shaped nets are towed along the ocean bottom, allowing only the smaller fish to escape  Catches are often enormous, with up to 2 hours towing the net, and yielding up to ____ tons of fish Trawlers, Cone, 100 Trawlers, Cone, 100

Atlantic Inshore Fishery A. Boats:  They are smaller than ____m in length  Crews are large, with people. T or F?  Traditionally they are run by father and sons or brother. T or F? 20, F(3-5), T 20, F(3-5), T

Atlantic Inshore Fishery cont…  80% of Atlantic fishermen were once employed in the inshore fishery. T or F?  Inshore harvests include _________, shrimp, __________, and halibut  Very little technology used - maybe a depth finder. T or F? T, lobster and redfish, T T, lobster and redfish, T

Collapse of the Cod Fishery  In the _____’s, huge factory freezer trawlers started being used in the cod fishery  The number of the trawlers fishing the Atlantic increased as the demand for cod increased worldwide.  Foreign fleets began fishing in the Atlantic (_________, Japan, ________, Poland) 1960, Russia and Korea 1960, Russia and Korea

Collapse of Cod Fishery cont…  By ____ over-fishing was becoming a serious problem – it was estimated that the Atlantic catch had risen to _____ times it’s traditional level  In ____, Canada extended its fishing limit to 370 km – since it was only 22 km – and now had the right to control quotas, size, tonnage, seasons, and equipment within this limit 1970, three, 1977, 1970, three, 1977,

Cont…  Despite these efforts, it was clear by the mid 1980’s that the cod stocks were rebounding to their traditional sizes. T or F?  In 1994 the cod fishery had collapsed and an indefinite ___________ was put in place  This ended five centuries of economic activity that had supported thousands of people in Newfoundland – devastating entire communities whose life had been organized around the cod fishery F (were not rebounding), moratorium F (were not rebounding), moratorium

Other Major Factors Leading to the Collapse  __________ were too high and the size of the breeding stocks were over estimated  The use of _____________ damaged plant and animal life, and therefore disrupted the food chain that supported the cod stocks  Changes in the flow of the __________ Current may have caused the fish to migrate elsewhere  The growing number of _______ may have further depleted an already depleted stock Quotas, trawler nets, Labrador, seals Quotas, trawler nets, Labrador, seals

Pacific Fishery  The Pacific commercial fishery is relatively old compared to that in Atlantic Canada. T or F?  __________ is the most important catch in the Pacific coast fishery and the most unique F (young), Salmon F (young), Salmon

Pacific Fishery ____________:  A net with a specific mesh size is used to ensnare fish of a specific matching size  Fish can swim part-way but not all the way through the net. When it tries to back out, it becomes snagged on its gill covers  Used on inshore salmon migration routes near the mouth of salmon-spawning streams Gill Net Gill Net

_____________:  __________ are small fishing vessels operated by one or two people  Fish are caught with a number of lines with baited hooks or artificial lures  It is the least efficient commercial fishing method in terms of intercepting fish  ______-caught salmon are high quality Troll Lines, Trollers, Troll Troll Lines, Trollers, Troll

____________ Nets:  A net with floats at the top and lead weights at the bottom  The net encircles schools of fish at or near the surface.  Used on inshore salmon migration routes near the mouth of salmon- spawning streams Purse Sein Nets Purse Sein Nets

____________ – range from spawning beds in rivers to vast oceans ____________ Has the greatest impact on the salmon habitat. ____________ obstruct salmon migration Now – fish ladders are used to allow salmon to return to their spawning grounds Salmon habitat, logging, river dams Salmon habitat, logging, river dams

______________ results in low water levels and warmer water temperatures dooming salmon to an early death. ______________ Removing water or filling these estuaries, it prevents adult salmon from migrating to spawning beds, and smolts can no longer adapt to salt water in the estuaries. River diversions, Draining estuaries River diversions, Draining estuaries

Crisis in the Salmon Fishery New technology has meant that commercial fleets can catch in hours what they used to take days to catch. T or F? Deep sea drift nets “_________” used to catch tuna and other large fish scoop up everything in their path including salmon true, ghostnets true, ghostnets

Crisis in the Salmon Fishery Poor management of the resource has added to the problem of overfishing. The collapse of the _____________in 1995 between Canada and the United States resulted in quotas being abused ________________has contributed to the problem by increasing the ocean temperature – causing an explosion of mackerel populations, which feed on salmon Pacific Salmon Treaty, Global warming Pacific Salmon Treaty, Global warming

Crisis in the Salmon Fishery Solutions to the Problem: Reduction of the ___________ salmon fishing fleet by 50% Certain areas like the _________ River would be shut down to hopefully replenish themselves commercial, Fraser commercial, Fraser

Aquaculture  The raising of marine life in a ___________ environment  As known as _____________.  Fish and other marine species are bred and raises fish in tanks, ponds and reservoirs controlled, fish farming controlled, fish farming

Oil and Natural Gas Traps ________________: Often porous rock such as sandstone or limestone where petroleum can mix with water Often porous rock such as sandstone or limestone where petroleum can mix with water________________: Areas in the reservoir rock where oil floats above water and accumulates Areas in the reservoir rock where oil floats above water and accumulates________________: Rock that prevents oil from flowing out of the traps Rock that prevents oil from flowing out of the traps Reservoir Rock, Traps, Cap rock Reservoir Rock, Traps, Cap rock

Oil and Natural Gas Traps _________ Trap: Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale layer (source rock) Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale layer (source rock) The oil and natural gas migrate upward in the layer of porous sandstone (reservoir rock) above the source rock The oil and natural gas migrate upward in the layer of porous sandstone (reservoir rock) above the source rock A fault develops, cutting off the sandstone layer and tilting it on an angle A fault develops, cutting off the sandstone layer and tilting it on an angle A porous layer is blocked by impervious shale (cap rock) A porous layer is blocked by impervious shale (cap rock) The oil and natural gas are trapped The oil and natural gas are trapped Fault Trap Fault Trap

Oil and Natural Gas Traps  __________Trap Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale layer (source rock) Oil and natural gas form in the impervious shale layer (source rock) Oil and natural gas migrate upward in a layer of porous sandstone (reservoir rock) Oil and natural gas migrate upward in a layer of porous sandstone (reservoir rock) A salt dome develops, cutting through the porous layers A salt dome develops, cutting through the porous layers The salt dome deflects the layer upwards The salt dome deflects the layer upwards Oil and natural gas are trapped in pockets between the salt dome and the impervious shale layers (cap rocks) Oil and natural gas are trapped in pockets between the salt dome and the impervious shale layers (cap rocks) Salt dome Salt dome

How is oil discovered?  It can be seeping out of the ground (Turner Valley, Alberta)  Using __________ – Oil occurs where sedimentary rock is gently folded or faulted or where salt domes and porous reefs are buried under the surface Geology Geology

How is oil discovered?  Using _________ exploration – ________ waves are transmitted below the surface of the earth and the amount of time it takes for the reflected wave to return to the surface indicates what type of geological formations exist Seismic Seismic

How is oil discovered?  Drilling _________ wells is still the only definite way to determine if oil is present  When an oilfield is discovered, exploration wells are drilled outwards from the original source to determine the size and extent of the field Wildcat Wildcat

Canada’s Oil Supply  Conventional Oilfields: These produce oil in a liquid form that is capable of flowing naturally or being pumped without processing  Potential Reserves: Known deposits of oil that cannot be recovered profitable under existing conditions  Actual Reserves: Known oil reserves that can be developed profitably Conventional Oilfields, Potential Reserves, Actual Reserves

Arctic Exploration  Arctic oil will be developed if: World oil prices _____________ World oil prices _____________ Known ______________ oil supplies are exhausted Known ______________ oil supplies are exhausted New technology lowers the cost of arctic exploration and production New technology lowers the cost of arctic exploration and production Canada changes its domestic policy and mandates self-sufficiency Canada changes its domestic policy and mandates self-sufficiency Increase, conventional Increase, conventional

Offshore Oil Rigs Type of Rig Depth of Sea Water Anchoring Structure ____________20m Cement foundation on sea floor Jack-up___m ________ extending into sea floor Semi- submersible anchored 200m Underwater pontoons anchored with ______ to sea floor Semi- submersible dynamically positioned ______m Underwater pontoons stabilized with an intricate system of values and pumps

 Submersible, 100, pylons, 2000m