2. - Source of protein Jobs depend upon fishing related processing industries (canning, freezing) Pet food, fertilizers Boat building, making nets, ice production

3. The thermo-layer- the heat layer in the atmosphere or water, at a different temperature to the air or water above or below it Factors: - expanses of continental shelf (naturally rich in plankton) -ocean currents Human factors

4. The sea fish caught: - pelagic (near the ocean surface- herring, mackerel, sardine) - demersal (closer to the floor of the continental shelf- cod, haddock, plaice, sole) Other main marine animals of commercial value: -crustacea (crabs, lobsters, crayfish) - Molluscs (oysters, mussels) - Dolphins, seals, turtles, whales

5. OVERFISHING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Overfishing – there are insufficient fish left to carry on the reproductive cycle and raise stock levels to the point where large scale commercial fishing can return Should not be determined by the number of fish available, but by the numbers that will be left to maintain future fish stock

6. Causes: Use of new technology Demand for fish continues to rise as the world population increases Consenquences - fish stocks on some fishing grounds are at such low levels Jobs in fishing and related industries were lost in the 1990s Search for new fish supplies is spreading the problem of overfishing to other parts of the world (Southern Ocean)

7. Strategies for the sustainable fisheries UN Law of the Sea Conference (1974)- 200 nautical miles zone (a country has sole rights to all natural resources (Economic Exclusion Zone – EEZ) Countries are responsible for marine resources in their own territorial waters

8. QUOTAS – annual limits are set for the amount and types of fish that can be caught Can be supported by other management policies: - Closed season for fishing (during the breeding time) - Restricted areas (so that breeding can take place and stock recover) - Limits on net types and sizes (so that young fish can swim through the nets)