Blood and Immunity

The average person has about 5L blood -45% = blood cells -55% = fluid (plasma)

These parts can be separated by centrifuging

Components of the Blood 1) Plasma 90% of plasma is water, but also contains blood proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gases and waste products of digestion 90% of plasma is water, but also contains blood proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gases and waste products of digestion

plasma proteins help maintain homeostasis: plasma proteins help maintain homeostasis: -albumins : osmotic balance -globulins : produce antibodies for protection against invading microbes -fibrinogens: blood clotting

2) Erythrocytes: red blood cells transports oxygen in hemoglobin transports oxygen in hemoglobin hemoglobin is an iron containing pigment hemoglobin is an iron containing pigment

Anemia Lack of iron in diet, or lack of processing of iron into hemoglobin Lack of iron in diet, or lack of processing of iron into hemoglobin Can be treated with iron supplements Can be treated with iron supplements

Each Hb molecule can carry four oxygen molecules – oxyhemoglobin or Hb(O 2 ) 4 Each Hb molecule can carry four oxygen molecules – oxyhemoglobin or Hb(O 2 ) 4

RBCs have a biconcave shape = concave on both sides RBCs have a biconcave shape = concave on both sides -increases surface area for gas exchange RBCs have no nucleus = enucleated RBCs have no nucleus = enucleated -enables the cell to carry more hemoglobin

Reproducing Red Blood Cells bone marrow is the site of RBC reproduction = erythopoiesis bone marrow is the site of RBC reproduction = erythopoiesis 5 million RBCs are produced every minute of the day 5 million RBCs are produced every minute of the day

RBC's begin as stem cells and contain a nucleus : divide – shrink- nucleus disappears – discharge into blood RBC's begin as stem cells and contain a nucleus : divide – shrink- nucleus disappears – discharge into blood immature RBC's can undergo mitosis (have nucleus) immature RBC's can undergo mitosis (have nucleus) mature RBC's cannot undergo mitosis (no nucleus) mature RBC's cannot undergo mitosis (no nucleus)

males = 5.5 million RBCs per milliliter of blood males = 5.5 million RBCs per milliliter of blood females = 4.5 million/mL females = 4.5 million/mL

Increased altitudes may effect number of red blood cells. How? there is less oxygen available so the body compensates by creating more RBCs there is less oxygen available so the body compensates by creating more RBCs a hormone called erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production. a hormone called erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production.

Blood Doping Storing your own red blood cells for donation before sporting events Storing your own red blood cells for donation before sporting events Increases oxygen carrying capacity Increases oxygen carrying capacity Also can use EPO (erythropoietin) as an injection Also can use EPO (erythropoietin) as an injection Difficult to catch Difficult to catch

3) Leukocytes: white blood cells less numerous than RBCs less numerous than RBCs have a nucleus have a nucleus some are phagocytes: engulf foreign cells, release an enzyme that digests the invader some are phagocytes: engulf foreign cells, release an enzyme that digests the invader -remaining fragments are pus

some are lymphocytes-produce antibodies some are lymphocytes-produce antibodies

4) Platelets initiate clotting initiate clotting maintains homeostasis by preventing the loss of blood from torn or ruptured blood vessel maintains homeostasis by preventing the loss of blood from torn or ruptured blood vessel platelets break apart and release a protein called thromboplastin platelets break apart and release a protein called thromboplastin

thromboplastin + calcium ions activate prothrombin which is then converted into thrombin thromboplastin + calcium ions activate prothrombin which is then converted into thrombin thrombin then acts as an enzyme by splicing two AA's from a fibrinogen molecule thrombin then acts as an enzyme by splicing two AA's from a fibrinogen molecule fibrinogen is converted into fibrin threads which seal the cut fibrinogen is converted into fibrin threads which seal the cut

Blood Groups Karl Landsteiner -->different blood types exist Karl Landsteiner -->different blood types exist are makers located on the membrane of some of the RBC's (A,B, or nothing) = antigen glycoproteins are makers located on the membrane of some of the RBC's (A,B, or nothing) = antigen

The body produces antibodies for foreign antigens The body produces antibodies for foreign antigens Blood Type AntigenAntibody AAAnti-B BBAnti A ABA & Bnone O Anti-B & Anti A

antibodies attach to antigens and cause the blood to clump or agglutinate antibodies attach to antigens and cause the blood to clump or agglutinate agglutinated blood can no longer pass through the capillaries and clogs the tissues preventing oxygen and nutrient delivery agglutinated blood can no longer pass through the capillaries and clogs the tissues preventing oxygen and nutrient delivery

blood type AB is the universal acceptor (can accept all blood types) blood type AB is the universal acceptor (can accept all blood types) blood type O is the universal donor (can be given to anyone but can only accept O) blood type O is the universal donor (can be given to anyone but can only accept O)

Rhesus Factor the rhesus factor is another antigen on the RBC the rhesus factor is another antigen on the RBC if you have the rhesus factor you are said to be Rh+ (85% of Canadians) if you have the rhesus factor you are said to be Rh+ (85% of Canadians) no antigen = Rh­ no antigen = Rh­

Rh- can donate blood to Rh+, but not reverse Rh- can donate blood to Rh+, but not reverse there are no natural antibodies against the Rh factor, are produced after a transfusion there are no natural antibodies against the Rh factor, are produced after a transfusion

Erythroblastosis fetalis Concern when mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+ first pregnancy there is no problem first pregnancy there is no problem During birth, the blood of the child and mom mixes During birth, the blood of the child and mom mixes now mom makes antibodies against Rh+ now mom makes antibodies against Rh+

second pregnancy : if embryo is Rh+, the antibodies may diffuse across the placenta and destroy the embryo’s red blood cells second pregnancy : if embryo is Rh+, the antibodies may diffuse across the placenta and destroy the embryo’s red blood cells

Treatments: 1. transfusions of Rh- blood 2. injections to inhibit the formation of antibodies against Rh+ antigens

Immune Response The body's first line of defense is physical: skin, mucus, stomach acids, lysozymes The body's first line of defense is physical: skin, mucus, stomach acids, lysozymes The second line of defense is utilized when invaders (antigens) take up residence within the body The second line of defense is utilized when invaders (antigens) take up residence within the body

leukocytes seek out and destroy the invader by phagocytosis leukocytes seek out and destroy the invader by phagocytosis lymphocytes produce antibodies lymphocytes produce antibodies

Two Types of Lymphocytes 1. T cells produced in the bone marrow, stored in the thymus gland produced in the bone marrow, stored in the thymus gland seeks out the intruder and signals the attack seeks out the intruder and signals the attack

2. B cells: produce the chemical weapon: antibodies produce the chemical weapon: antibodies released from bone marrow released from bone marrow Antibodies are "Y" shaped Antibodies are "Y" shaped

they are specific and connect to a certain antigen “lock and key” they are specific and connect to a certain antigen “lock and key” Antibodies that attach themselves to viruses alter their shape and prevent access to the entry ports of cells Antibodies that attach themselves to viruses alter their shape and prevent access to the entry ports of cells

Steps to an immune attack 1. Bacteria or virus –the antigen- enters the body 2. A macrophage engulfs the invader and pushes its antigen markers outside of the membrane

3. Helper T cells recognize the harmful markers and signal the B cells 4. B cells release antibodies which attach to the antigen

5. Killer T cells now recognize the foreign cell and kill it 6. The battle has been won so Suppressor T cells shut down the response 7. Memory T cells are made so the body can quickly identify the antigen should it return (immunity)

Immunity website Immunity website Immunity website Immunity website

Allergies: body mistakes harmless cells for harmful invaders Allergies: body mistakes harmless cells for harmful invaders Autoimmune disease: body attacks itself, ex rheumatoid arthritis Autoimmune disease: body attacks itself, ex rheumatoid arthritis

Vaccines First vaccine developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 First vaccine developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 reasoned that exposure to less harmful cowpox virus provided some immunity to the more violent smallpox virus reasoned that exposure to less harmful cowpox virus provided some immunity to the more violent smallpox virus

the first exposure to cowpox developed antibodies and because the two viruses are so similar, when smallpox was introduced T cells signalled B cells to produce antibodies the first exposure to cowpox developed antibodies and because the two viruses are so similar, when smallpox was introduced T cells signalled B cells to produce antibodies

the rabies vaccine was developed by Louis Pasteur the rabies vaccine was developed by Louis Pasteur he was able to grow the rabies virus in tissue cultures and inject the virus in milder form he was able to grow the rabies virus in tissue cultures and inject the virus in milder form Jonas Salk introduced the Polio vaccine in 1955 Jonas Salk introduced the Polio vaccine in 1955

Summary: How do vaccines work? Summary: How do vaccines work? a weakened microbe is injected into a person. The immune systems creates antibodies against that disease a weakened microbe is injected into a person. The immune systems creates antibodies against that disease

Antibiotics antibiotics are special chemical agents usually obtained from living organisms antibiotics are special chemical agents usually obtained from living organisms in 1924 soil organisms were identified as the producers of a bacteria killing substance called actinomycetin in 1924 soil organisms were identified as the producers of a bacteria killing substance called actinomycetin

1929 it was found that mold produced bacteria destroying secretion = penicillin 1929 it was found that mold produced bacteria destroying secretion = penicillin

Summary: How do antibiotics work? Summary: How do antibiotics work? they kill bacteria in your body but do not create immunity they kill bacteria in your body but do not create immunity

Unfortunately, micro-organisms have the ability to mutate and become immune to antibiotics, so they can become less effective if overused. Unfortunately, micro-organisms have the ability to mutate and become immune to antibiotics, so they can become less effective if overused.

White Blood Cell Review Used when antigens (bacteria/virus) get inside our first line of defense Used when antigens (bacteria/virus) get inside our first line of defense –First line of defense is our skin, mucus, stomach acids and lysozymes (enzymes that attack bacteria) 3 Types of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) 3 Types of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) –First Type – Phagocytes (Macrophage): engulf foreign cells, release an enzyme that digests the invader.  remaining fragments are pus –Or a Macrophage (Phagocyte) engulfs the invader and pushes its antigen markers outside of the membrane

White Blood Cell Review Second Type (Lymphocytes) – T Cells : there are many different types of T Cells. Second Type (Lymphocytes) – T Cells : there are many different types of T Cells. –Helper T Cells: recognize harmful markers (from the work of the macrophage) and signal the B Cells –Killer T Cells: now recognize the foreign cell and kill it –Suppressor T cells shut down the response once the battle has been won –Memory T cells are made so the body can quickly identify the antigen should it return (immunity)

White Blood Cell Review In between the Helper T Cells and the Killer T Cells work, B cells (also Lymphocytes) release antibodies which attach to the antigen In between the Helper T Cells and the Killer T Cells work, B cells (also Lymphocytes) release antibodies which attach to the antigen B Cells: -produce the chemical weapon: antibodies -released from bone marrow -Antibodies are "Y" shaped

There are 2 types of leukocytes: 1. Granulocytes – formed in the bone marrow, have granules in the cytoplasm 1. Granulocytes – formed in the bone marrow, have granules in the cytoplasm –Neutrophils – 60-70% - phagocytes –Eosinophils – 2-4% - engulf antigen- antibody complexes –Basophils – release histamines, that cause capillaries to dilate 2. Agranulocytes – formed in the lymph tissue, have no granules in the cytoplasm 2. Agranulocytes – formed in the lymph tissue, have no granules in the cytoplasm –Lymphocytes – 25-30% make antibodies in lymph and blood –Monocytes – phagocytes, engulf foreign cells

Leukocytes