Cardiovascular System Function: Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes to cells in order to maintain homeostasis Function: Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes to cells in order to maintain homeostasis –Heart- transport system pump –Blood- medium of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, cells, other substances –Blood Vessels- interconnecting tubes that move to and past body cells

Blood: It’s what’s inside. Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 18

General Blood Info Major transportation fluid; maintain homeostasis Major transportation fluid; maintain homeostasis body has 5-6 Liters body has 5-6 Liters makes up 8% of body weight makes up 8% of body weight pH 7.4 pH 7.4 composed of plasma (55%) & blood cells (45%) composed of plasma (55%) & blood cells (45%)

Functions 1. supplies food and oxygen to cells 2. picks up wastes from cells 3. transports hormones, enzymes 4. maintains pH 5. regulates body heat 6. carries blood cells & antibodies to fight infection

Blood contains many components

Plasma composed of 90% water and 10% plasma solutes and proteins composed of 90% water and 10% plasma solutes and proteins Solutes: glucose, lipids, proteins, vitamins, hormones, uric acid, lactic acid, O2, CO2 Solutes: glucose, lipids, proteins, vitamins, hormones, uric acid, lactic acid, O2, CO2 2. Protein: Albumin, carries molecules, maintains osmotic pressure 2. Protein: Albumin, carries molecules, maintains osmotic pressure

Red Blood Cells (RBC)- AKA erythrocytes Transports oxygen with hemoglobin NO nucleus so only live 120 days NO nucleus so only live 120 days not capable of cell repair not capable of cell repair flat discs with depressed centers flat discs with depressed centers 300 million molecules of hemog. per cell 300 million molecules of hemog. per cell formed in red bone marrow formed in red bone marrow(hematopoiesis) 25 trillion in body at one time 25 trillion in body at one time

White Blood Cells (WBC)- AKA leukocytes only 2 for every 1000 RBC only 2 for every 1000 RBC much larger than RBC much larger than RBC have NO hemoglobin and do have nucleus have NO hemoglobin and do have nucleus 7,500 WBC in body at one time. 7,500 WBC in body at one time.

Granulars: spherical; lobed nuclei; made by red marrow Neutrophils- phagocytosis of invading bacteria; most numerous & active WBC Neutrophils- phagocytosis of invading bacteria; most numerous & active WBC Eosinophils-battle allergens; release antihistamines; phagocytosis of parasites Eosinophils-battle allergens; release antihistamines; phagocytosis of parasites Basophils- nucleus is U or S-shaped; allergies; histamine; least numerous WBC Basophils- nucleus is U or S-shaped; allergies; histamine; least numerous WBC

Agranulars: nucleus spherical or kidney- shaped; made by lymphatic system Lymphocytes- produce antibodies; proteins that inactivate antigens; Lymphocytes- produce antibodies; proteins that inactivate antigens; –Two kinds:  1. B cells - become plasma cells and produce antibodies  2.T cells - attack cells Monocytes- largest; work with neutrophils to phagocytize bacteria and viruses; become wandering macrophages to “clean up” after infection Monocytes- largest; work with neutrophils to phagocytize bacteria and viruses; become wandering macrophages to “clean up” after infection

Breakdown of leukocytes Neutrophils 65-75% Neutrophils 65-75% Eosinophils 2-5% Eosinophils 2-5% Basophils 0.5-1% Basophils 0.5-1% Lymphocytes 20-25% Lymphocytes 20-25% Monocytes 3-8% Monocytes 3-8% Total 100% Total 100%

ANALYSIS FOR DIAGNOSIS: ANALYSIS FOR DIAGNOSIS: –When neutrophils up, bacteria invading. –When monocytes up, chronic infection. –When eosinophils and basophils up, allergic reaction. –When lymphocytes up, antibiotic reaction.

Platelets- AKA thrombocytes; cell fragments with NO nucleus; very small, biconcave disks (smaller than RBCs); initiate blood clotting; live 7-10 days; produced in red bone marrow; 250,000 in body at one time. Platelets- AKA thrombocytes; cell fragments with NO nucleus; very small, biconcave disks (smaller than RBCs); initiate blood clotting; live 7-10 days; produced in red bone marrow; 250,000 in body at one time.

G. Blood Clotting involves at least 15 factors and a few enzymes initiated with the release of thromboplastin thromboplastin prothrombin  thrombin thrombin fibrinogen  fibrin Fibrin, RBCs, and platelets clump to form a clot (or scab) Heparin, an antithrombin, can prevent clotting; used in transfusions.

Hematopoiesis: AKA hemopoiesis; formation of blood cells in red bone marrow Hematopoiesis: AKA hemopoiesis; formation of blood cells in red bone marrow starts with hematocytoblast or hematopoietic stem cells  differentiates into 5 kinds of cells (takes about 4 days) starts with hematocytoblast or hematopoietic stem cells  differentiates into 5 kinds of cells (takes about 4 days) Erythropoiesis: RBC formation= hematocytoblast  proerythroblast  basophilic erythroblast  normoblast  reticulocyte (nuclei disintegrates)  erythrocyte Erythropoiesis: RBC formation= hematocytoblast  proerythroblast  basophilic erythroblast  normoblast  reticulocyte (nuclei disintegrates)  erythrocyte