E. Changes in the Ecosystem 1. _____________________________ - ecosystems and communities are constantly changing - caused by ________ and ______________________ - in the change __________________ and new organisms ____________ - sometimes slow, sometimes quick a) ___________________ 1) occurs on surfaces _________ ex: after volcanic eruption or exposed bed rock 2) ________________ – the first species to populate the area example: _____________

b) _____________________ changes the ________________ happens after fires / farming 1) _________________ – dominant community, the last community in the succession - As the community lives instead of changing the environment and ______________________________ _________ (keeps it the same) - dominant ________________ - Climax community depends upon the ____________ - On Long Island what are the species in the climax community? _______________________

In each step the ecological community is changing  ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________

_________  _________________  they die and the organic matter builds up  ________________ and as they die make more organic matter, break up some rock  _______________________ move in  eventually _________________.

Succession in a pond: - Increase amount of _________________ of the pond - Pond becomes __________ and more _________________ - more vegetation = more sediments - pond eventually ____ ____

2. Homeostasis in Ecosystems a) __________________ __________________________ an ecosystem can handle

b) __________________ - determine carrying capacity - any abiotic or biotic that _______________ in populations - _________________________: ______, light, _____, carbon dioxide, temperature, nutritional relationships, growth factors, amount of _____, minerals, pH, competition - _____________________ on Population

F. _______________ - a particular physical environment that contains ___________________________________ = similar climax communities - generally biomes are determined by ______________ and ______________

1. _________________ - Precipitation  ________________ - Temperature  _______________ - vast amounts of ___________  surprisingly infertile soil

2. ___________________________ - Precipitation  _______________ - Temperature  _______________ - ________ with a few scattered trees - ____________ season – fires in the dry season

3. _______________________ - lots of grass!  _______________ - Temperature  _______________ - Precipitation  _______________ - fires are an important abiotic factor

4. ___________ - Precipitation is less than __________ - Temperature  ________________  wide range - ____________ flora and fauna

5. ____________________ - ___________  Spring, Summer, Winter, Fall - Temperature  _________________ - Precipitation  _________________ - _________  supports many different forms of vegetation large board leafed _________ trees – _________________, _____

6. ________ - Northern Canada, Alaska, Russia (Siberia) - Temperature  ______________ – relatively cold - Lots of precipitation  _______________ Taiga means swampy forest in russian - massive amount of ___________________  migratory bird species = _________________________________

7. _______________ - ___________ and ____________ - average cold temperature ______________ - high winds - not much precipitation _______________ - Treeless  topsoil very thin – only grasses and small shrubs can take root - _______________ – permanently frozen layer of subsoil - Short Summer with long days – very short winter days

8. Aquatic a) _____________ temperature ranges with depth __________ vegetation from the shore to the bottom of the lake

b) ____________ _____________________________________ traps materials and nutrients – _________________ salinity ranges, tidal ranges

c) Marine ______________________ – availability of sunlight

G. __________________ 1. ___________________ - _______________________________________, better medicine, better agriculture  allow more people to survive - over use resources – “_____________________” – that any resource open to everyone will ___________________ because _______________________, but ___________________________ the resource.

example: deer population in Arizona 1) 1906 – stable deer population of 4,000 & bounty placed on deer predators 2) 1906 – 1923 – deer population swells – over 100,000 deer & 6,000 predators killed 3) 1924 – 1925 – huge crash in deer population due to starvation, malnutrition, and disease 4) 1926 – fewer than 4,000 deer & extensive damage to the flora.

Where is the human population heading?

2. Overuse of Resource - _____________________ – resources that can regenerate ex: wood, water - ____________________ – once they are used up they are gone for millions of years ex: fossil fuels, oil, natural gas - sustainable use – using resources in such a way as not to deplete them – don’t cause long term ecological damage

3. ________________________: - loss of fertile soil  _____________ - _____________________ - ________ – wearing away of soil - dry climates, over grazing - damming rivers – _________________________________ - pollution – pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, landfills, garbage - _______________________________________________

4. Food Shortages: starvation and malnutrition

5. _________________: - _______________, heavy metals, PCBs - runoff – _______________ and cutting down forests - _____________ – excess ________ runoff into the water – increases _____________ – when ________ – reduces _______________ in water

- _______________ – _____________ that enter the food chain _________________________________, becomes _____________, as it goes up the food chain

6. ________________: - _______, automobile & factory emissions, nitrates, sulfates - cause __________________________, chemical reactions

7. Habitat Destruction / Habitat fragmentation - lack space to live, cannot migrate – __________________

8. Over hunting & fishing - depletes the species  extinction - bison, dodo, C.parakeet

9. _________________________ - importation of a non native species that then reproduces rapidly __________________________ ex: zebra mussel, purple loosestrife

10. Fossil Fuels - rapidly depleted, cause pollution, “Green House Effect”

11. Nuclear Power - waste disposal problems, obtaining fuel

12. Green House Effect - increase of certain gasses, CO 2, methane, - H 2 0, cause the atmosphere to hold on to extra heat.

13. Acid Rain - many combustion processes release acidic gases containing _____________________________ into the atmosphere. When they combine with water they form nitric acid and sulfuric acid.

14. Ozone Depletion - atmospheric layer that helps to block some harmful ______ and __________________. Use of certain chemicals causes, CFCs, its destruction

15. Positive Impacts a) Habitat and Species ____________ – legislation, parks b) Reduce Pollution / __________ c) Population Control d) Conservation of Resources e) __________________ f) __________________ g) better farming practices h) _____________ and AWARENESS