Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Heart and Blood Vessels Ch. 8 Major Arteries and Veins Figure 8.9 Subclavian artery Subclavian vein Jugular vein Carotid artery Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Common iliac vein Common iliac artery Femoral artery Great saphenous vein Renal artery Renal vein Aorta Femoral vein

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Vessels—Arterial System  Structure: endothelium, middle, outer layers  Functions  Arteries carry blood away from heart  Arterioles and precapillary sphincters control pressure  Capillaries exchange nutrients, waste, and defensive cells between vessel and tissue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Arterioles and Capillaries Figure 8.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Capillary Structure Figure 8.3

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Vessels—Venous System  Structure: three layers, thin-walled  Functions: carry blood toward the heart  Mechanisms in blood return  Contraction of skeletal muscles  One-way valves  Pressure changes associated with breathing

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Vessels—Venous System Figure 8.6

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Vessels—Summary Figure 8.1 Inner layer: Endothelium Middle layer: Smooth muscle with elastic fibers Outer layer: Connective tissue Connective tissue Endothelium Vein Venule Artery Arteriole Capillary Direction of blood flow Tissue cells Epithelial cells of capillary endothelium Smooth muscle

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The Heart Figure 8.7 Superior vena cava Pulmonary semilunar valve Right atrium Right AV valve Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Left atrium Left AV valve Aortic semilunar valve Chordae tendineae Papillary muscles Left ventricle Septum Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Aorta

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The Heart  Structure  Layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium  Chambers: two atrias, two ventricles  Valves  Two atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)  Two semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pulmonary Circuit—Oxygenation of Blood  Pathway  Deoxygenated blood from the body into heart

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits Figure 8.9 Subclavian artery Subclavian vein Jugular vein Carotid artery Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Common iliac vein Common iliac artery Femoral artery Great saphenous vein Renal artery Renal vein Aorta Femoral vein

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiac Cycle Figure 8.11

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiac Conduction System Coordinates Contraction  SA node: cardiac pacemaker  AV node: relays impulse  AV bundle and Purkinje fibers: carry impulse to ventricles Figure 8.13

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. How Blood Pressure is Measured Figure 8.16

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Regulation: Nervous and Endocrine Factors  Medulla oblongata signals  Sympathetic nerves: constrict blood vessels, raising blood pressure  Parasympathetic nerves: dilate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure  Hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline)  Local requirements dictate local blood flow  Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac output

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular Disorders  Angina pectoris: a warning  Myocardial infarction/heart attack: permanent cardiac damage  Congestive heart failure: decrease in pumping efficiency  Embolism: blockage of blood vessels  Stroke: impaired blood flow to the brain