1. The Cardiovascular System11
The Cardiovascular System

2. c) When valves are open and closed:
Heart Valves …
c) When valves are open and closed:
i) Heart is filling with blood when:
AV valves:
Semilunar valves:
ii) Heart Pumping = Ventricles contract:
iii) Valves operate opposite of one another
Bicuspid
Pulmonary S
Aortic S
Tricuspid
Anterior View

3. 7. Blood Vessels Attached To Heart
Pulmonary Trunk
a) Arteries
i) *Aorta
*Blood enters Aorta from:
*Takes blood to:
ii) Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries (2)
*Blood enters P Trunk from:
Pulmonary Trunk  L and R Pulmonary A.
*Pulmonary Arteries take blood to:
Aorta

4. Associated Great Vessels …
b) Veins
i) Superior Vena Cava
Blood returns from:
and goes to:
ii) Inferior Venae Cava
And goes to:
iii) Pulmonary veins (4)

5. Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery
Superior vena cava
Left subclavian artery
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Auricle of left atrium
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right
atrioventricular groove)
Left coronary artery in
coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)
Figure 11.3a

6. 8. Blood Vessels that serve the Cardiac Muscle a. Arteries
i) *Coronary arteries:
*Branch from:
*Oxygen content:
b. Veins
i) Cardiac veins:
Empty blood to:
Oxygen content:
ii) Coronary sinus:
Coronary Sinus empties blood to:

7. 8. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Superior & Inferior Vena Cava  RA
RA  tricuspid valve  RV
RV  pulmonary semilunar valve  Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Trunk  Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries  Lungs
AORTA
LPA
RPA SV PV LA RA RV LV IV

8. Lungs  Pulmonary veins  LA
AORTA
Lungs  Pulmonary veins  LA
LA  Bicuspid Valve  LV
LV  Aortic Semilunar Valve  Aorta
Aorta  body cells SV PA
LPV LA
RPV RA LV RV IV

9. Figure 11.4 Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary
veins
Venae
cavae
Aorta and
branches
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Right
atrium
Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary
beds of all
body tissues
where gas
exchange
occurs
KEY:
Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
Figure 11.4

10. AORTA SV PA PV LA RA LV RV IV

11. C. Heart Physiology 1. The Conduction System of the Heart
= autorhythmic cardiac cells + special conductive tissue
a) Autorhythmic cells

12. The Heart: Conduction System …
b) Special tissue
Sinoatrial node = SA node (“pacemaker)
Function
Atrioventricular node = AV node,

13. Atrioventricular bundle = AV bundle Function Bundle branches
Conduction System …
Atrioventricular bundle = AV bundle
Function
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

14. Superior vena cava Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) Left atrium
Atrioventricular
(AV) node
Right atrium
Atrioventricular
(AV) bundle
(bundle of His)
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
Interventricular
septum
Figure 11.7

15. c) EKG & Heart Contraction Disorders
Normal EKG P
QRS T
MilliVolts
P QRS T
Time
Electrocardiogram

16. Abnormal Rhythums
Heart Block
SA node dysfunction
Fibrillation
Cardiac Arrest
Tachycardia—
Bradycardia—

17. 2. The Heart: Cardiac Cycle & Heart Sounds
Cardiac cycle = events of one complete heart beat
BASICS
Atria contract simultaneously
Atria relax, then ventricles contract
Systole = contraction
Diastole = relaxation

18. 3. The Heart: Cardiac Output
Heart rate (HR) = beats per minute: 75
Stroke volume (SV)
= Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in one contraction = 70 mL
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
= 5,250 ml/min = Liters/minute

19. 4. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Nervous System & Endocrine System
Raise HR when:
and if blood volume or pressure is low
Hormones
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Lower HR when:

20. II. Blood Vessels (Vascular System)
Introduction: General Functions and Anatomy:
1. General Function
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries