1. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1 PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

2. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2 Chapter 14 The Cardiovascular System

3. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3 Introduction Cardiovascular system: heart, blood and blood vessels Cardiac muscle –Makes up bulk of heart –Provides force to pump blood Function: transports blood 3

4. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 4 4 The Anatomy of the Heart

5. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5 Introduction Located in the mediastinum Surrounded by pericardial sac –Fibrous pericardium: outer layer –Serous pericardium: inner layer

6. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6 The Layers of the Heart Wall Epicardium: outermost layer Pericardial cavity: separates epicardium and serous pericardium Myocardium: middle muscular layer Endocardium: lines the heart

7. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 7 The Layers of the Heart Wall (cont’d.)

8. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 8 The Chambers of the Heart Upper chambers: right and left atria Lower chambers: right and left ventricles Chambers separated internally by septum External separations –Coronary sulcus: separates atria and ventricles –Interventricular sulci: separate ventricles

9. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 9 Chambers of the Heart (cont’d.)

10. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 10 The Great Vessels of the Heart Superior vena cava –Receives blood from upper body Inferior vena cava –Receives blood from lower body Coronary sinus: drains blood from heart

11. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 11 The Great Vessels of the Heart (cont’d.) Pulmonary trunk: right and left artery –Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs Pulmonary veins (four): return oxygenated blood to heart Ascending aorta: oxygenated blood out to body –Aortic arch, descending thoracic, abdominal

12. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 12 Four chambers of the heart and great vessels

13. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 13 The Valves of the Heart Atrioventricular –Tricuspid (three cusps) Between right atrium and right ventricle –Bicuspid (two cusps) Between left atrium and right ventricle –Cusps attach to ventricles by chordae tendineae

14. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 14 The Valves of the Heart (cont’d.) Semilunar –Pulmonary Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk exits the heart –Aortic Left ventricle Ascending aorta leaves the heart

15. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 15 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 15 Blood Flow Through the Heart

16. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 16 Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.) Two atria contract while ventricles relax Two ventricles contract while atria relax Deoxygenated blood returns from body to right atrium Sent to right ventricle, which pumps blood to lungs Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium

17. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 17 Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.) Sent to left ventricle Left ventricle sends blood to the body via the ascending aorta

18. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 18 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 18 The Conduction System of the Heart

19. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 19 The Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d.) Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker; initiates impulse  Atrioventricular (AV) node: sends impulse to AV bundle  Bundle of His: sends impulses to both sides of system  Purkinje’s fibers: send impulse to myocardial cells

20. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 20 The Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d.)

21. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 21 Animation – The Heart See the conduction system at work in the 3-D Heart animation.

22. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22 A Cardiac Cycle

23. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 23 A Cardiac Cycle (cont’d.) One cycle –Atria contract / ventricles relax –Ventricles contract / atria relax Systole: contraction phase Diastole: relaxation phase

24. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 24 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 24 Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes

25. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 25 Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes (cont’d.) Systemic circulation –All blood leaving left ventricle (oxygenated) –All blood returning to right atrium (deoxygenated) –Subdivisions Coronary circulation Hepatic portal circulation

26. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 26 Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes (cont’d.) Pulmonary: blood flow to lungs for gas exchange Cerebral: route to the brain Fetal: between developing fetus and mother

27. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 27 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 27 Anatomy of Blood Vessels

28. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 28 Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.) Arteries and veins have three layers –Tunica intima: innermost layers –Tunica media: middle layer –Tunica adventitia: outer layer Lumen: blood vessel cavity Anastomosis: junction of blood vessels

29. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 29 Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.) Arteries: thicker and stronger than veins Arterioles: small arteries attach to capillaries Capillaries: gas nutrient and waste exchange Venules: connect capillaries to veins Veins: less elastic than arteries, contain valves

30. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 30 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 30 Major Arteries and Veins of the Body

31. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 31 Ascending Aorta Branches Right and left coronary arteries branch off and supply the heart

32. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 32 Aortic Arch Branches 1 st branch: brachiocephalic artery –Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery 2 nd branch: left common carotid artery –Left internal carotid artery and left external carotid artery 3 rd branch: left subclavian artery –Vertebral artery, axillary artery, brachial artery and radial and ulnar arteries

33. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 33 Thoracic Aorta Branches 10 pairs of intercostal arteries Bronchial arteries Esophageal arteries Phrenic arteries

34. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 34 Abdominal Aorta Branches Celiac trunk Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries Right and left renal arteries Right and left gonadal arteries Lumbar arteries Right and left common iliac artery –Femoral artery

35. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 35 Abdominal Aorta Branches (cont’d.) Veins –Found closer to surface than arteries –Converge with: Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava –Veins are often named identically to arteries

36. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 36 Veins Merging into the Superior Vena Cava Radial and ulnar veins form brachial vein –Empties into axillary vein Cephalic vein Basilic vein Subclavian vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein

37. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 37 Veins Merging into the Superior Vena Cava (cont’d.) Right and left brachiocephalic veins Azygos vein

38. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 38 Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava Anterior and posterior tibial veins Peroneal vein Popliteal/femoral veins –External iliac vein Great saphenous veins Right and left common iliac veins Right and left gonadal veins

39. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 39 Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava (cont’d.) Right and left renal veins Hepatic portal vein Right and left hepatic veins

40. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 40 Animation – Ventricular Fibrillation The following animation illustrates the seriousness of an ineffective quivering action of the ventricles of the heart, known as ventricular fibrillation [Insert VentricularFib.swf]

41. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 41 Animation – Congestive Heart Failure Read about this condition in the Health Alert box on Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in your textbook. Now watch the congestive heart failure animation. [Insert CHF.swf]

42. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 42 Summary Named the layers of the heart wall Named the chambers and valves of the heart Described blood flow through the heart Described the conduction system of the heart Discussed the stages of the cardiac cycle

43. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 43 Summary (cont’d.) Compared the anatomy of a vein, artery and capillary Named the major blood circulatory routes and blood vessels