Climate Change Tendencies in Georgia under Global Warming Conditions Mariam Elizbarashvili 1 Marika Tatishvili 2 Ramaz Meskhia 2 Nato Kutaladze 3 1. Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 2. Georgian Technical University, Institute of Hydrometeorology 3. The National Environmental Agency, Georgia

Mountains cover a significant part of the territory: 54% of it is located at an altitude of 1,000 m above sea level. The Black Sea coastal zone has a humid subtropical climate. The average annual temperature there is O C, with extremes ranging from +45 O C to -15 O C, and annual amounts of precipitation vary between 1,500 mm and 2,500 mm. The Black Sea influences the climate of West Georgia, resulting in mild winters, hot summers and abundant precipitation. Here in the mountainous and high mountainous areas, the annual air temperature ranges from 6-10 O C to 2-4 O C with an absolute minimum between - 30 O C and -35 O C, and annual amounts of precipitation range between 1,200-1,600 mm and 2,000 mm. Mountains cover a significant part of the territory: 54% of it is located at an altitude of 1,000 m above sea level. Almost every climatic zone is represented in Georgia except for savannas and tropical forests. area - 67,900 km 2

Climate regionMean air temperature ( O C) Average maximum temperature ( O C) Average minimum temperature ( O C) Annual sums of precipitation (mm) Western Georgia Eastern Georgia Change in air temperature and precipitation between climate norms until 1960 and average values of the period The climate in the plains of East Georgia is dry: in the lowlands, it is a dry subtropical climate, and in mountainous areas it is alpine. The average annual temperature is O C in the plains, and 2-7 O C in the mountains. The absolute minima are -25 O C and -36 O C respectively. The absolute maximum reaches +42 O C, and the absolute minimum falls to -42 O C in the high mountains (the slopes of Mount Kazbegi). The annual amounts of precipitation vary in the range of mm in the plains, and 800-1,200 mm in the mountains.

Hydrological posts Meteorological posts Meteorological stations Source: National Environmental Agency Dynamics of Changes of Hydrometeorological Observation Network Points

Temperature stations precipitation stations BLACK SEA Data sources: 1.The National Environmental Agency, Georgia

To restore data errors (missed data) following linear climatologic methods have been used: METHODS 1. Method of corresponding differences 2. Method of corresponding divisions.

Figure shows an example of comparison of actual and estimated average monthly temperatures in January at the Kazbegi alpine station over the period between 1936 and 1990, when this station was operational. Dependence between actual (x) and estimated (y) average January temperature at the Kazbegi alpine station over the period between 1936 and 1990, R 2 determination coefficient

Multiyear flow of annual sum of atmospheric precipitations and corresponding equation of regression: 1 - Tbilisi; 2 - Poti Multiyear flow of average annual air temperature and corresponding equation of regression: 1 - Tbilisi; 2 - Poti; 3 - Kazbegi alpine

Precipitation distribution in 1936, January Temperature distribution for 1936 February. Temperature distribution for 1936 February.

The whole territory of Georgia was divided by 25 km. grid so that the territory have to be covered as many points as possible. So the 112 pointed 25 km. grid was created.

Depending on the intensity of warming (cooling), the following gradations of rate of changes were nominally determined: a) For air temperature a) For air temperature Strong cooling (less than Օ С during 10 years); Moderate cooling ( Օ С during 10 years); Weak cooling ( Օ С during 10 years); Unchanged ( Օ С during 10 years); Slight warming ( Օ С during 10 years); Moderate warming ( Օ С during 10 years); Strong warming (over 0.10 Օ С during 10 years). b) For atmospheric precipitations b) For atmospheric precipitations Significant decrease (less than -5% during 10 years); Moderate decrease ( % during 10 years); Insignificant decrease ( % during 10 years); Unchanged (-1- 1% during 10 years); Insignificant increase ( % during 10 years); Moderate increase ( % during 10 years); Significant increase (over 5% during 10 years).

Development and validation of year high resolution monthly gridded temperature and precipitation data set for use in global climate change assessment for Georgia. Velocity of annual mean air temperature change o C in decade Velocity of January mean air temperature change o C in decade Velocity of July mean air temperature change o C in decade Precipitation annual sum variation velocity % in decade

METHODS Climate extreme indices (CEIs) used in this study are approved as core indices by the CCl/CLIVAR/JCOMM Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) Climate extreme indices have been assessed using R and the RClimDex1.0 software. Homogeneity and quality of the time-series were tested by the software package RHTestsV3 GIS

Abbreviation and definition of the indices VariableAbbreviation (unit) Definition of extreme indices TemperatureTmax (°C)Maximum air temperature SU30 (days)Number of hot days (with T max above 30°C) IDO (days)Number of frosty days with the negative maximum air temperature GSL (days)Number of days when the daily temperature exceeds 5°C TR20 (days)Number of tropical nights with the minimum air temperature exceeding 20°C

Geoinformational maps of classification of maximum air temperature (a) Tmax and number of hot days (b) SU30 during a year within the period of (a) (b)

Region Station Height M Indices IDOGSLTR20 The Black Sea Coast and Kolkhida lowland Batumi Poti Kutaisi East Georgia Tbilisi Telavi South-Georgian Upland Akhalkalaki Abastumani The Greater CaucasusKazbegi Pasanauri The average value of some climate indices in different physical and geographical conditions over the basic WMO period ( ).

StationPeriodIndices SU30TR20 Poti Kutaisi Tbilisi Pasanauri Average value of the temperature indices for the different periods of averaging

CONCLUSIONS The presented maps show that changes in temperature and precipitations in the territory of Georgia under global warming conditions are not of uniform nature due to complicated physical and geographic, and basically, orographic and landscape-climate conditions. Largest spots and territories of strong warming, when an average annual temperature increased by more than 0.1 Օ С during 10 years, are observed in eastern Georgia. Spots of weak and moderate warming with the temperature increasing at the rate of Օ С during 10 years, are observed in western Georgia. Over an insignificant part of Georgia, temperature remained almost unchanged or changed insignificantly. Decrease in temperature is observed mainly in western Georgia. Strong cooling occurs in a significant part of Adjara and northern part of Black Sea coast where an average annual air temperature decreased at the rate of over 0.1 Օ С in 10 years. Over a significant territory of East Georgia, annual sums of precipitation decreased at the rate of 1-3% during 10 years. The highest rate of decrease in precipitation is observed in Kvemo Kartli (south of Tbilisi), comprising more than 5% in 10 years. Increase in annual sums of precipitation is observed in several districts of West Georgia as well as in the central part of Iori Plateu in East Georgia where the annual sum of precipitation increased at the rate of 1-3% during 10 years. In mountainous Adjara and some other districts of Black Sea coast, the rate of increase in precipitations reached 5%. For the period of , compared to the years of , the number of hot days has increased to 20. And the number of tropical nights-to 15. Compared to the basic WMO periods ( ) – these changes made up 18 and 11 days respectively. The number of tropical nights in Tbilisi has increased to 6 days compared to the period until In Pasanauri, on the south slope of the Greater Caucasus, for the last period compared with the period of averaging, recommended by WMO ( ) the number of hot days has increased to 17.

Thank you for attention!