DOE Perspective on Microgrids Advanced Microgrid Concepts and Technologies Workshop Steve Bossart, Senior Energy Analyst U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory June 7, 2012

Topics DOE Microgrid Goals DOE Microgrid Program Microgrid R&D Needs

DOE Microgrid Goals

Microgrid and OE’s Performance Target Definition by Microgrid Exchange Group OE’s 2020 Performance Target A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode. Develop commercial scale (<10MW) microgrid systems capable of reducing outage time of required loads by >98% at a cost comparable to non-integrated baseline solutions (UPS + diesel genset), while reducing emissions by >20% and improving system energy efficiencies by >20% Definition developed by the Microgrid Exchange Group (MEG)—a group of individuals working on microgrid deployment and research Key attributed are underlined. Doe developed long term performance targets as the first step in a microgrid research effort Required loads include such things as hospitals, police & fire, data centers, military facilities, telecom switch centers, some industrial processes 4

Various Microgrid Configurations Possible Consumer Microgrid—single consumer with demand resources on consumer side of the point of delivery, (e.g. sports stadium) Community Microgrid— multiple consumers with demand resources on consumer side of the point of delivery, local objectives, consumer owned, (e.g., campus, etc.) Utility Microgrid—supply resources on utility side with consumer interactions, utility objectives Microgrids are “Local Energy Networks”

Microgrids & Smart Grids Central Generation Transmission Load Distributed Generation E-Storage Distribution Microgrid

A Possible Future Distribution Architecture Municipal Microgrid Distribution Control Utility Microgrid Military Microgrid Industrial Microgrid Campus Microgrid Commercial Park Microgrid

DOE Microgrid Program

DOE-OE Primary Microgrid Field Projects Renewable and Distributed Systems Integration Projects Mon Power - West Virginia Super Circuit Chevron Energy Solutions - CERTS Microgrid Demo City of Fort Collins - 3.5 MW Mixed Distributed Resources Illinois Institute of Technology - IIT Perfect Power Demo San Diego Gas & Electric - Borrego Springs Microgrid Smart Grid Demonstration Projects (ARRA) Battelle – Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration LA Dept. of Water & Power Smart Grid Regional Demo Southern California Edison Irvine Smart Grid Demo

Common Objectives Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects Reduce peak load Benefits of integrated DER (i.e., DG, DR, e-storage) Ability to integrate variable renewables Operate in “islanding” and “grid parallel” modes Import and export capabilities Two-way communications (frequency, verification, data latency) Data management Price-driven demand response Dynamic feeder reconfiguration Outage management (i.e., number, duration, and extent) Volt/VAR/frequency control Balance distributed and central control Cyber security Interconnection and interoperability Defer generation, transmission, and distribution investments

Common Technologies Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects Generation and Energy Storage Renewable energy (PV, wind) Distributed generation (microturbines, fuel cells, diesel) Combined heat and power Energy storage (thermal storage, batteries) T&D Communications (wireless, PLC, internet) Advanced metering infrastructure & smart meters T&D equipment health monitors (transformers) Consumers Plug-in electric vehicles and charging stations (PHEV/PEV) Smart appliances & programmable thermostats Home Area Networks & In-Home Displays Energy management systems

DOE Microgrid R&D Projects CERTS Microgrid Test Bed Energy Surety Microgrids Smart Grid Interconnection and Interoperability Standards SPIDERS: Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy, Reliability, and Security

Microgrid R&D Needs

List of High-Priority R&D Projects from the DOE Microgrid Workshop Impactful R&D Areas High-priority R&D Projects Standards and Protocols Universal Microgrid Communications and Control Standards Microgrid Protection, Coordination, and Safety Systems Design and Economic Analysis Microgrid Multi-objective Optimization Framework System Integration Common Integration Framework for Cyber Security/Control/Physical Architectures Switch Technologies Legacy Grid-Connection Technologies to Enable Connect/Disconnect from Grid Requirements based on Customer and Utility Needs Control and Protection Technologies Best Practices and Specifications for Protection and Controls Reliable, Low-cost Protection Inverters/Converters Topologies & Control Algorithms for Multiple Inverters to Operate in a Microgrid Advanced Power Electronics Technologies These will be the areas that guide future microgrid R&D FOA.

Switch Technologies R&D Life, cost, maintainability, and reliability End-user needs define transition time DC microgrid switch Focus on best practices from switch operation Control and Protection Technologies Layered, low-cost, reliable protection Adaptive and integrated protection and control Main issue with protection is latency Switches to handle full fault

Inverters/Converters Topologies, controls and coordination for multiple inverters to operate in a microgrid Longer life advanced power electronics to reduce cost and improve performance Switches for higher voltage and higher efficiency Graceful degradation of power electronics Standards and Protocols Universal microgrid communication and control standards Microgrid protection, coordination, and safety

System Design and Economic Analysis Tools Multi-objective optimization framework Design and operation optimization methodology with uncertainty accounting for financial risk Library of tools including state estimation Systems Integration Common integration framework for cyber, control, communication and physical architectures Integrated information management systems

Contact Information Merrill Smith & Dan Ton Program Managers Microgrid R&D U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Delivery and Energy Reliability (202) 586-3646 Merrill.smith@hq.doe.gov (202) 586-4618 Dan.ton@hq.doe.gov Steve Bossart Senior Energy Analyst U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Lab (304) 285-4643 Steven.bossart@netl.doe.gov