Section Biology: 2. Biosphere: 3. Biodiversity: 4. Cell: 5. DNA: 6.Metabolism: 7.Organism: 8.Species:

Section Adaptation: 2. Ecosystem: 3. Evolution: 4. Homeostasis: 5. System:

Section Constant: 2. Data: 3. Dependent Variable: 4. Experiment: 5. Hypothesis: 6.Independent Variable: 7.Observation: 8.Theory:

Section Gene: 2. Genomics: 3. Microscope: 4. Molecular Genetics:

Section Biotechnology: 2. Transgenic:

The Biosphere Made up of ALL the living things AND all the places they are found: LIVING THINGS PLACES Bacteria Deserts Protist Grasslands Fungus Saltwater Plants Freshwater Animals

The variety of life across the biosphere. Biodiversity generally increases from the Earth’s poles to the equator.

EQUATOR Earth’s Rainforest (Greatest variety and Highest population of living organisms)

Consistent warm temperatures Constant precipitation More species can survive in warm areas that offer a larger and more consistent food supply. Species: A particular type of living thing that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves

__________ not only in size, but in development __________ essential for survival __________ smallest unit of life __________ breathing, eating, digestion, excretion __________ adapt and change with environment __________ to light, sound, temp, etc. “GROMER” GROWTH REPRODUCTION CELLS METABOLIZE EVOLVE RESPOND

Growth refers to an increase in some quantity over time. The quantity can be physical (e.g., growth in height) or abstract (e.g., a system becoming more complex, an organism becoming more mature).

Members of a species must have the ability to produce new individuals, (reproduce). Through reproduction, organisms pass on their ___________________, (DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Combining of _______ and __________; Combination of ______ from ___ parents ___________ from one parent divides into two cells. New cells have _____________ ______ as original parent genetic material sperm egg DNA2 One cell identical DNA

CELL ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM TISSUE

All living things are made up of one or more cells

All organisms need a source of __________________ for their life processes. The form of energy that all organisms use is ___________________________ _______________ ____________ ENERGY CHEMICAL ENERGY SUNLIGHT FOOD

Evolution is the ________________________________; (Change in the _____________ of a population of species.) Besides having stiff spines that stick out from their bodies and help protect them, these animals also have loose skin under those spines and powerful back muscles. Why? How are the mouths of pythons adapted to finding prey and swallowing large prey? CHANGE IN LIVING THINGS OVER TIME GENETIC MAKEUP

__________________ LIGHT All organisms must _______________ to their __________________ to __________________. REACT ENVIRONMENTSURVIVE TEMPERATURE TOUCH

Describe biodiversity in terms of species Describe the relationship between cells and organisms. What characteristics are shared by all living things? How does biodiversity depend on a species’ ability to reproduce? Cells are the smallest part of organisms. (They make up organisms) GROMER Growth, Reproduction, Cells, Metabolize, Evolve, Reproduction

Homeostasis Literal Meaning: “Same Status/Condition” Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism. Examples of conditions that require homeostasis: TEMPERATURE BLOOD SUGARACIDITYHYDRATION LEVELS

Describe a biological system. Give an example of how structure is related to function in living things. Why is homeostasis essential for living things? What is the relationship between adaptation and natural selection? How are structure and function related to adaptation? How is the process of natural selection involved in evolution?

_________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ STUDENTS DO NOT RETAIN THE INFORMATION PRESENTED / TAUGHT IN CLASS IF STUDENTS ATTACH SPECIFIC MEANING OR ASSOCIATIONS WITH TERMS, THEN THEY WILL LEARN THE INFORMATION HAVE STUDENTS COPY A LIST OF 10 WORDS LABELED “A” AND “B”. THE STUDENTS HAVE TO WRITE THE “A” WORDS TWO TIMES WHILE FOR THE ‘B’ WORDS THEY FIRST WRITE A WORD THAT THEY ASSOCIATE WITH THE TERM AND THEN WRITE THE WORD ITSELF ONCE. _____ TOTAL STUDENTS RECALLED ______ TOTAL WORDS: ______ ‘A’ WORDS AND _____ ‘B’ WORDS STUDENTS DO LEARN BETTER IF THEY MAKE ASSOCIATIONS AND OR CONNECTIONS TO NEW INFORMATION PRESENTED TO THEM

1.Control group: ___________________ or the ‘thing’ that does not change a. _________________________________________ 2. Variable: the “_______________________” group or the “thing” that changes a. _________________________________________ EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONSTANT GROUP “A Words” Independent “B Words” Dependent “The outcome”. The outcome is dependent upon the independent variable. What ________

1.State the _______________ a. The process of ‘inquiry’ begins with ____________________, (using ones senses to study the world) 2.Create a ___________________(educated guess) a.A hypothesis is a ____________________________ for a scientific question b.Should be an ___________ / ___________ statement indicating the action(s) that will take place and the results that are anticipated 3. Test the ___________________ (experiment) 4.Evaluate ______________(results) a. Observations and tools can be used to gather and analyze data 5.Make a ____________________ a.Hypotheses can be__________________ or _______________ in the conclusion Experiments are always ______________. ___________________ are developed once experiments have been tested several times and end with the same _________________ PROBLEM HYPOTHESIS DATA CONCLUSION observations Proposed answer IF THEN acceptedrejected ONGOING THEORIES Conclusion

What role do hypotheses play in scientific inquiry? What is the difference between and independent variable and a dependent variable? How is the meaning of theory in science different from the everyday use of the term? How are hypotheses and theories related? Give examples of different ways in which observations are used in scientific inquiry.

Tools of biology MicroscopeFunctionMagnifies up to… –_______ microscopeuses light. __________ –_______microscopelight cannot pass. __________ (Also called “________ ____” microscope ) –________microscopeuses electrons __________ Compound Light Stereo dissection Electron 1000X 40X 500,000X

LIGHT MICROSCOPE eyepiece Arm Stage Course Adjustment Fine Adjustment Base Diaphragm Light Source Stage Clips Turrett Focus Objective High Power Objective Low Objective Body Tube

EYEPIECE BODYTUBE TURRETT LOW POWER OBJECTIVE STAGE DIAPHRAGM LIGHT SOURCE BASE FOCUS OBJECTIVE ARM FINE ADJUSTMENT COURSE ADJUSTMENT STAGE CLIPS HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE

The focus objective focuses __________ The low power objective focuses _______ The high power objective focuses _______ Keep in mind, there is also a lens in the EYEPIECE that focuses __________ “ON TOP OF” the magnification of the objective lenses. Therefore, _____________________________would be: _______________ X _________________ Practice: EYEPIECE X OBJECTIVE = TOTAL MAGNIFICATION TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF FOCUS POWER __________ X __________ = ______________ TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF LOW POWER __________ X __________ = ______________ TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF HIGH POWER __________ X __________ = ______________ 4X 10X 40X 10X TOTAL MAGNIFICATION EYEPIECE OBJECTIVE X 10 X 100 X 10 X40 X400 X

Where you place your eye. Contains ______ ______ that usually magnifies ______. Tube that supports the ______ _______ and connects it to the _________________. ONE LENS 10x EYE PIECE TURRETT/NOSE PIECE

______________ that magnify objects to varying __________. FOCUS OBJECTIVE:_______________________ LOW POWER OBJECTIVE:_______________________ HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE:_______________________ Holds the _____________ in place SLIDE LENSES “POWERS” SHORTEST LENS (4X) ONLY USED FOR SCANNING SMALL LENS (10 X) LOW MAGNIFYING POWER LONGEST LENS (40 X) HIGH MAGNIFYING POWER

Supports the _____________ Knobs that make adjustments to the ______________ COURSE ADJUSTMENT _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ FINE ADJUSTMENT _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ MICROSCOPE FOCUS MAKES LARGE ADJUSTMENTS USED WITH FOCUS AND LOW POWER OBJECTIVES MAKES SMALL ADJUSTMENTS USED WITH HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE ONLY

Directs light up through the ______________ and through the ______________ so that it may be ______________ DIAPHRAGM SPECIMEN VIEWED

Supports the __________________ SLIDE/SPECIMEN

Also known as the _______________. It is the rotating device that holds the _____________/ (_________). TURRETT OBJECTIVES LENSES

An adjustable ________________ under the stage, allowing different __________ of __________ onto the stage. OPENING AMOUNTS LIGHT

WORD BANK EyepieceFine adjustment Ocular tubeCourse adjustment High power objectiveRevolving nosepiece (“turret”) Low power objectiveDiaphragm Focus objective Light source Stage Base Stage clipsArm The focus objective focuses __________ The low power objective focuses __________ The high power objective focuses __________. Keep in mind, there is also a lens in the EYEPIECE that focuses __________ Therefore if you were using the high powered objective, what would the total magnification be? ______________ Eyepiece X High Objective = total magnification ________ X _________ = __________ times 4X 10X 40X 10X

10,000 new species are discovered each year. However, it is estimated that over 50,000 species become extinct every year That your body cells have specialized functions? Muscle cells: contract and relax Stomach cells: Secrete digestive enzymes Brain cells: interpret sensory information That the lining of your nose is actually a habitat for bacteria and fungus. This means the lining of your nose is part of the biosphere!

How do light microscopes differ from electron microscopes? Why is computer modeling used in biological studies? How does molecular genetics and to our understanding of genes? Viruses are smaller than cells. What types of microscopes could be used to study them? Explain. Provide and example of how technology has helped biologists gain a better understanding of life.