1. Chapter 1 The Science of Life

2. Objectives To introduce the characteristics that are shared by all living organisms, including ourselves To introduce the characteristics that are shared by all living organisms, including ourselves How biologists use the scientific method to approach the study of living organisms How biologists use the scientific method to approach the study of living organisms List and connect the seven unifying THEMES of Biology List and connect the seven unifying THEMES of Biology History/Parts of the Microscope/Metric System History/Parts of the Microscope/Metric System

3. Branches of Biology Ecology Ecology Pathology Pathology Zoology Zoology Microbiology Microbiology Genetics Genetics Kinesiology Kinesiology

4. What does it mean to be alive? Biology is the study of LIFE, but in order to fully comprehend the science, one but first define what it means to be alive? Biology is the study of LIFE, but in order to fully comprehend the science, one but first define what it means to be alive? Living, Non-living, or Dead? Can you differentiate? Living, Non-living, or Dead? Can you differentiate? Life is characterized by the presence of ALL seven of these properties at some stage in an organism’s life. Life is characterized by the presence of ALL seven of these properties at some stage in an organism’s life.

5. 1. Cellular organization 2. Reproduction 3. Metabolism 4. Development

6. 5. Heredity 5. Heredity 6. Responsiveness 6. Responsiveness 7. Growth & Homeostasis 7. Growth & Homeostasis

7. Unifying Themes in Biology Theme #1 Cellular Structure & Function Theme #1 Cellular Structure & Function All living things are made of cells, which are the smallest unit capable of all life All living things are made of cells, which are the smallest unit capable of all life Your body contains more than 100 trillion cells (100,000,000,000,000) Your body contains more than 100 trillion cells (100,000,000,000,000)

8. Hierarchy of Living Things Organisms Organ Systems Organs Tissues Cells

9. Unifying Themes in Biology Theme #2 – Reproduction Theme #2 – Reproduction Reproduction is the process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next Reproduction is the process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction Time frames for reproduction vary among living organisms. Some bacteria produce offspring 15 minutes Time frames for reproduction vary among living organisms. Some bacteria produce offspring 15 minutes

10. Unifying Themes in Biology Theme #3- Metabolism Theme #3- Metabolism All living things use energy to move, grow and process information. Without energy, life will undoubtedly stop. All living things use energy to move, grow and process information. Without energy, life will undoubtedly stop. METABOLISM is the sum of all of the chemical reactions carried out in an organism. METABOLISM is the sum of all of the chemical reactions carried out in an organism.

11. Ultimately, almost all energy on the planet ultimately comes from the sun. Ultimately, almost all energy on the planet ultimately comes from the sun. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Sugar, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and the sun are the key factors in the process Sugar, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and the sun are the key factors in the process

12. Unifying Themes in Biology Theme #4 Homeostasis Theme #4 Homeostasis All living things must maintain a stable internal environment in order to function properly ( the normal body temperature for a person is ~98.6 degrees F.) All living things must maintain a stable internal environment in order to function properly ( the normal body temperature for a person is ~98.6 degrees F.) The maintenance of stable internal conditions, despite changesin an external environment is called HOMEOSTASIS The maintenance of stable internal conditions, despite changesin an external environment is called HOMEOSTASIS

13. Organisms must respond to external changes and adjust their internal environment accordingly. Organisms must respond to external changes and adjust their internal environment accordingly.

14. Unifying Themes in Biology Theme #5- Heredity Theme #5- Heredity All living things pass on traits to their offspring through genes that are passed from one generation to the next All living things pass on traits to their offspring through genes that are passed from one generation to the next The GENE is the basic unit of heredity which can be found in a molecule called Deoxyribonucleic Acid aka DNA. The GENE is the basic unit of heredity which can be found in a molecule called Deoxyribonucleic Acid aka DNA.

15. DNA can often become damaged resulting in a mutation. DNA can often become damaged resulting in a mutation. more about heredity & DNA in chapters 9 & 10… more about heredity & DNA in chapters 9 & 10…

16. Unifying Themes in Biology Theme #6- Evolution Theme #6- Evolution The diversity of our living world is the result of a long history of change. The diversity of our living world is the result of a long history of change. Change over time is essentially referred to as EVOLUTION. Change over time is essentially referred to as EVOLUTION. Species, groups of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring, have also changed over time. Species, groups of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring, have also changed over time.

17. Species with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce a process known as NATURAL SELECTION. - more about Darwin & Natural Selection in chapter 15 Species with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce a process known as NATURAL SELECTION. - more about Darwin & Natural Selection in chapter 15

18. Unifying Themes in Biology Unifying Themes in Biology Theme #7- Interdependence Theme #7- Interdependence This is concept that organisms in a biological community live and interact with other organisms. This is concept that organisms in a biological community live and interact with other organisms. Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and also the nonliving part of their environment. Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and also the nonliving part of their environment.

19. The History Hans and Zacharias Janssen of Holland in the 1590’s created the “first” compound microscope Hans and Zacharias Janssen of Holland in the 1590’s created the “first” compound microscope Anthony van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke made improvements by working on the lenses Anthony van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke made improvements by working on the lenses Anthony van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Robert Hooke 1635-1703 Hooke Microscope

20. How a Microscope Works Convex Lenses are curved glass used to make microscopes (and glasses etc.) Convex Lenses bend light and focus it in one spot.

21. How a Microscope Works Ocular Lens (Magnifies Image) Objective Lens (Gathers Light, Magnifies And Focuses Image Inside Body Tube) Body Tube (Image Focuses) Bending Light: The objective (bottom) convex lens magnifies and focuses (bends) the image inside the body tube and the ocular convex (top) lens of a microscope magnifies it (again).

22. Body Tube Nose Piece Objective Lenses Stage Clips Diaphragm Light Source Ocular Lens Arm Stage Coarse AdjCoarse Adj. Fine Adjustment Base

23. Body Tube The body tube holds the objective lenses and the ocular lens at the proper distance The body tube holds the objective lenses and the ocular lens at the proper distance

24. Diaphragm The Diaphragm controls the amount of light on the slide/specimen The Diaphragm controls the amount of light on the slide/specimen Turn to let more light in or to make dimmer. Diagram

25. Stage Clips These 2 clips hold the slide/specimen in place on the stage. These 2 clips hold the slide/specimen in place on the stage. Diagram

26. Objective Lenses The Objective Lenses increase magnification (usually from 10x to 40x) The Objective Lenses increase magnification (usually from 10x to 40x) Diagram

27. Light Source Projects light upwards through the diaphragm, the specimen and the lenses Projects light upwards through the diaphragm, the specimen and the lenses Some have lights, others have mirrors where you must move the mirror to reflect light Some have lights, others have mirrors where you must move the mirror to reflect light Diagram

28. Ocular Lens/Eyepiece Magnifies the specimen image Magnifies the specimen image Diagram

29. Arm Used to support the microscope when carried. Holds the body tube, nose piece and objective lenses Used to support the microscope when carried. Holds the body tube, nose piece and objective lenses Diagram

30. Stage Supports the slide/specimen Supports the slide/specimen Diagram

31. Coarse Adjustment Knob Moves the stage up and down (quickly) for focusing your image Moves the stage up and down (quickly) for focusing your image Diagram

32. Fine Adjustment Knob This knob moves the stage SLIGHTLY to sharpen the image This knob moves the stage SLIGHTLY to sharpen the image Diagram

33. Base Supports the microscope Supports the microscope Diagram

34. Magnification To determine your magnification…you just multiply the ocular lens by the objective lens To determine your magnification…you just multiply the ocular lens by the objective lens Ocular 10x Objective 40x:10 x 40 = 400 Ocular 10x Objective 40x:10 x 40 = 400 Objective Lens have their magnification written on them. Ocular lenses usually magnifies by 10x So the object is 400 times “larger”

35. Using a Microscope Start on the lowest magnification Start on the lowest magnification Don’t use the coarse adjustment knob on high magnification…you’ll break the slide!!! Don’t use the coarse adjustment knob on high magnification…you’ll break the slide!!! Place slide on stage and lock clips Place slide on stage and lock clips Adjust light source (if it’s a mirror…don’t stand in front of it!) Adjust light source (if it’s a mirror…don’t stand in front of it!) Use fine adjustment to focus Use fine adjustment to focus

36. Nose Piece The Nose Piece holds the objective lenses and can be turned to increase the magnification The Nose Piece holds the objective lenses and can be turned to increase the magnification