1. WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Science is the process of gaining KNOWLEDGE and INVESTIGATING by making OBSERVATIONS, posing QUESTIONS, and testing through EXPERIMENTATION

2. The Scientific Method Test your hypothesis: fill the tank
The car won’t start
Why won’t it start?
Maybe because the tank is empty
If I fill the tank, then the car
should start.
Test your hypothesis: fill the tank
It works? Your hypothesis was correct.
What if it doesn’t work?

3. It still won’t start - Test a NEW hypothesis:
New hypothesis: The battery is dead.
Test: Change the battery
New hypothesis: The starter is broken.
Test: Change the starter.

4. The Scientific Method 1. PROBLEM – question to be studied
Observation –
Using senses to gather information
Making INFERENCES – Using reasoning to come to a conclusion based on observations
Examples…

5. Observation vs. Inference
Statement Observation Inference X
Object A is round and orange. X
Object A is used in basketball. X
Object C is round and black and white. X
Object C is larger than Object B. X
Object B is smooth. X
Object B is used in table-tennis. X X
Each object is used in a different sport.

6. 2. HYPOTHESIS – educated guess to answer the problem
*** MUST be TESTABLE***
3. PREDICTION – what you expect to happen if the hypothesis is true

7. 4. EXPERIMENT – test of the hypothesis
A. Control – standard used for comparison
B. Variables
1. Manipulated/Independent –
factor that experimenter changes
2. Dependent/Responding –
result of the change (depends on variable above)
3. Controlled –
factors kept constant
***Ask yourself “Does this variable depend on the other?” REMEMBER: MIX and DRY
C. Data Collection
1. QUANTITATIVE – numerical data, quantity
2. QUALITATIVE – descriptive data

8. ***Evaluates the hypothesis***
5. CONCLUSION – summary of the results of the experiment
***Evaluates the hypothesis***
6. THEORY – a tested hypothesis over time that becomes an accepted scientific principle
*Always subject to revision or replacement!

9. Designing an Experiment
State the Problem
Analyze Results - Graph
Form a Hypothesis
Draw a Conclusion
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Record Results – Data Table

10. WHAT IS “BIOLOGY”?
“study of life”

11. Examples of the application of biological knowledge
Prevention and cure of illness
Production of medicine
Agriculture
Sustained management of wildlife or fisheries
Planned population growth

12. What does it mean to say something is ALIVE?
Characteristics of Living Things
Made of cells
Reproduce
Based on a universal genetic code
Grow and develop
Obtain and use materials and energy
Respond to their environment
Maintain a stable internal environment
Taken as a group, living things change over time

13. Living things are…
Made of Cells

14. The ability to reproduce
Living things have…
The ability to reproduce

15. Based on a Universal Genetic
Living things are…
Based on a Universal Genetic
Code: DNA

16. Living things …
Grow and Develop

17. Obtain and Use Energy - METABOLISM
Living things …
Obtain and Use Energy - METABOLISM

18. Living things…
Respond to the
Environment –
Stimulus

19. Maintain a stable internal environment
Living things …
Maintain a stable internal environment
HOMEOSTASIS

20. Evolutionary Adaptation: Species change over time
Living things undergo…
Evolutionary Adaptation: Species change over time

21. Characteristic Examples 1. Living things are made up
of units called cells.
A. Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
B. Many microorganisms consist of only a
single cell. Animals and trees are
multicellular.
2. Living things reproduce.
3. Living things obtain and use
materials and energy.
C. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight.
Animals obtain their energy from the
food they eat.
4. Living things maintain a
stable internal environment.
D. Plants that live in the desert survive
because they have become adapted to
the conditions of the desert.
5. Taken as a group, living
things change over time.
6. Living things respond to
their environment.
E. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A
hydra can reproduce asexually by
budding.
7. Living things are based on
a universal genetic code.
B e c g d a f h
F. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs.
Seeds from maple trees produce maple
trees.
8. Living things grow and
develop.
G. Despite changes in the temperature
of the environment, a robin maintains a
constant body temperature.
H. Flies begin life as eggs, then become
maggots, and then become adult flies.

22. How are living things
ORGANIZED and STUDIED?

23. Levels of Organization
Organism
Individual living
thing
Bison
Groups of
Cells
Tissues, organs,
and organ systems
Nervous tissue
Brain
Nervous system
Nerve cell
Smallest functional
unit of life
Cells
DNA
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds
Water
Molecules

24. Cellular Organization
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANISM
Categorize the following:
Circulatory system
Heart
Human
Muscle cell
Cardiac muscle

25. TISSUE – CARDIAC MUSCLE ORGAN – HEART SYSTEM – CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CELL – MUSCLE CELL
TISSUE – CARDIAC MUSCLE
ORGAN – HEART
SYSTEM – CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
ORGANISM - HUMAN

26. MICROSCOPES LIGHT Microscopes Use beams of light Magnify up to 1500X
ELECTRON Microscopes
Use beams of electrons to
magnify thousands of times
Living things cannot be viewed

27. LIGHT Microscopes use a series of glass lenses to bend light waves and create a magnified image

28. Scanning Electron Microscopes create the magnified images by using electrons instead of light waves
External Images
Black and white

29. Can you guess what it is? Pick one!
                       
                                
                    
Can you guess what it is? Pick one!

30. The vane of a bird's feather consists of a series of barbs that connect together by hooked barbules.
Like a zipper, each barb is connected to the adjacent one, creating a solid vane.

31. Can you guess what it is? Pick one!
                       
                                
                    

32. The tapeworm has no mouth;
The tapeworm clings to its hosts intestine by the hooks and suckers on its head.
The tapeworm has no mouth;
nutrients are absorbed throughout the tapeworm’s body wall.

33. Steps to View a Slide with a Light Microscope
Hold microscope with both hands, upright. Plug in your microscope and turn on the light source.
Make sure the nosepiece is on the LOWEST power (shortest lens) and is positioned as high as possible.
Place slide on the stage. Secure with stage clips.
ALWAYS use LOW power to view and focus FIRST!
Adjust the coarse knob to focus your slide. ***This is the only time you will use the coarse knob!
Use the fine knob to sharpen focus.
Once focused under low power, turn the nosepiece to medium or high.
Move the nosepiece to the lowest power.
Turn the coarse knob so the nosepiece is all the way up. Remove the slide.