Objective: You will be able to differentiate between living and nonliving things. Do Now: –Open your notebook to the inside cover –Write the following: Living Environment midterm: Tuesday, January 24 10:53 May need to take the morning bus!

Characteristics of living things All living things must perform certain functions to stay alive Non living things do not do all of these What activities can you think of?

Life Functions Nutrition Obtain and breakdown nutrients Cell Respiration Breakdown food to release energy Transport Moving things throughout itself Synthesis Combine simple substances Growth Reproduce Regulation Respond to the environment Excretion Ridding itself of waste Response React to internal or external stimuli

Life Characteristics Homeostasis Maintain a stable internal environment Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in the organism Cells All organisms are made up of at least one cell

Living things and cells All living things are made up of one or more cells Cells are the functional unit of living things Some organisms have only one cell and are called unicellular Some are even made up of trillions of cells

Do you smell what the Rock’s cooking?

Organization levels Biologists break life down into different levels –This makes it easier to study life The order from smallest to largest –Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organism

Cells make up living things

Tissues are groups of cells that work together

Organs are made of tissues working together

Organ systems are made of organs that work together

Organism is made of a group of organ systems working together

Objective: You will be able to give the function of each cell organelle. Do Now: Read, “Nucleus” on p. 176 What is chromatin made of?

Objective: You will be able to connect life functions to one or more cell organelles. Do Now: Begin filling the function of any organelle you can remember Circle the three that are the most difficult for you to remember Place a star next to the organelle that you think is the most important

Activity Look through your definitions for life functions. List a life function and the organelle(s) that best match up with that life function Write a sentence why the two go together Ex. Transport -

Differences Between Animal and Plant Cells Animal cells are round and plant cells are rectangular Animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles Animal cells have small vacuoles and plant cells have one large vacuole Plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall

Cork Cells

Human Cheek Cells

Onion Cells Nucleus Nucleolus

Elodea Cell

Blood Cells

Objective: You will be able to differentiate between passive and active transport. Do Now: List two differences between active and passive transport

Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Section 7-3 Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane

Molecule to be carried Molecule being carried Energy Section 7-3 Figure 7-19 Active Transport

Figure 8.10 The diffusion of solutes across membranes

Section 7-3 Figure 7-15 Osmosis

Figure 8.17 An electrogenic pump

Figure 8.15 The sodium-potassium pump: a specific case of active transport

Receptor

Objective: You will be able to compare and contrast the photosynthesis and respiration equations. Do Now: Write the equations for both respiration and photosynthesis. –In a sentence write what happens to oxygen in each equation. –In a sentence write what happens to carbon dioxide in each equation.

Photosynthesis Equation 6CO 2 + 6H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Carbon + WaterGlucose + Oxygen Dioxide

Respiration Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP How can you remember the equation for respiration?

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts is the site of photosynthesis –Take in CO 2 and Water to make glucose –Has green pigment called chlorophyll to capture sunlight –Gives of Oxygen as a waste

VS.

Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis Chloroplast Mesophyll 5 µm Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Thylakoid space Thylakoid Granum Stroma 1 µm

Global Warming Is partly caused by an increase of CO 2 in the air? Why would cutting down a forest and leaving the trees to rot increase the effect of global warming?

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of carbohydrates Do Now:  Read “Macromolecules” on p. 45  Differentiate between monomers and polymers

Inorganic versus Organic compounds

6 C Carbon Section 2-1 An Element in the Periodic Table H 1 Hydrogen +

Types of Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

Functions –Readily available source of energy –Energy storage –Strong building materials Carbohydrates

Starch Glucose Section 2-3 Figure 2-13 A Starch

Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides

Benedicts tests for Monosaccharides like Glucose

Iodine tests for Polysaccharides like starch

Lipids have several functions:  Long term energy storage  Make up cell membranes

Structure of Lipids  Consists of one glycerol and three fatty acids

Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

Protein Functions Enzymes Hormones Makes up muscle tissue Transport materials

Protein Structure Made up of amino acids –Proteins have 1000’s of amino acids joined together –But there are only 20 different amino acids –The order you place them determine what protein you make

Enzymes Catalysts can speed up or slow down a reaction Organic catalysts are called enzymes. Why do we refer to enzymes as being organic?

Enzymes Enzymes are a type of protein. End in -ase What do we call the small units that we put together to make proteins? An enzyme is usually used to make a chemical reaction go faster The enzyme does not get used up during the reaction so that it can be reused again and again. Why do you think it is an advantage of the cell to be able to reuse enzymes?

Enzymes Enzymes work on molecules called substrates The substrate actually fits into a spot on the enzyme called the active site Each enzyme has a VERY specific shape to their active site Usually only one substrate can fit into the active site of a specific enzyme Why do you think that scientists refer to enzymes as being specific?

Substrates Products Enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex 1 Substrates enter active site; enzyme changes shape so its active site embraces the substrates (induced fit). 2 Substrates held in active site by weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. 3 Active site (and R groups of its amino acids) can lower E A and speed up a reaction by acting as a template for substrate orientation, stressing the substrates and stabilizing the transition state, providing a favorable microenvironment, participating directly in the catalytic reaction. 4 Substrates are Converted into Products. 5 Products are Released. 6 Active site Is available for two new substrate Mole. Figure 8.17

What can affect Enzymes doing their jobs? Temperature pH These two factors affect enzymes because they change its shape The substrate will not fit into the active site anymore

Figure 8.16a Optimal temperature for typical human enzyme (37°C) Optimal temperature for enzyme of thermophilic (heat-tolerant) bacteria (77°C) Temperature (°C) (a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes Rate of reaction

Figure 8.16b Rate of reaction pH (b) Optimal pH for two enzymes Optimal pH for pepsin (stomach enzyme) Optimal pH for trypsin (intestinal enzyme)

Objective: You will be able to design a scientific experiment. Do Now: Read “Explaining and Interpreting Evidence” on p. 5 Define Hypothesis

Scientific Experiments State a problem Provide a hypothesis Identify: –Independent variable –Dependent variable Control set up Give a conclusion

Example Problem –Will a plant grow more in saltier water Hypothesis –A lower salt concentration will make the plant grow taller Independent variable is the salt concentration Dependent variable is how tall the plants grow

Pair Work Design an experiment to show which color of light works best for photosynthesis. Go through the steps in the previous slide Each person needs to complete this in their notebook

Objective: You will be able to design a scientific experiment. Do Now: Take the ditto at the back table Answer the questions individually

Now we are going to do a real experiment. Which paper towel absorbs water the best? –Choices: Bounty Brown generic towels White school towels

Towel experiment Take out a new piece of paper. This will count as one of the labs you need to sit for the Regents. Write your name at the top Underneath your name, write the following lab title “Paper Towel Absorbency”

Your Name “Paper Towel Absorbency” Purpose: Materials: