1. Topic 1: Similarities and Differences Among Living Organisms
Regents Review
Topic 1: Similarities and Differences Among Living Organisms

2. Plant vs Animal Cell Plant Animal
Differences – plant has cell wall, chloroplast, and huge vacuole

3. Organelles Nucleus – “brain”, contains DNA, controls cell
Vacuole – “storage”, stores water, food,
waste
Mitochondria – “powerhouse”, produces energy for cell through respiration

4. Organelles
Chloroplast – “food”, green color, makes glucose for plant through photosynthesis
Cytoplasm – “jelly”, provides shape of cell, transport
Ribosome – “protein”, uses amino acids to make proteins
Cell membrane – “gatekeeper”, selectively permeable, fluid-mosaic

5. Organelles
DNA – “info”, genetic material that codes for all activities of the cell (NOT AN ORGANELLE)
Cell Wall – “rigid”, stiff outer layer of plant cell, helps cell keep shape
Lysosome – “recycling center”, breaks down dead organelles and waste

6. The Cell Membrane 1.Separates contents of cell from environ.
2.Control transport in and out of cell
3.Recognize and respond to chemical signals

7. Transport
Passive Transport – transport of molecules into and out of the cell that does not require energy, molecules move from high to low concentration
Ex. Diffusion and Osmosis
Diffusion through the Membrane Lab

8. Diffusion
Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
A natural process, molecules want to spread out
Ex. Mom baking cookies, aroma reaches you after a few minutes…molecules spreading naturally from high concentration (kitchen) to low concentration (living room)

9. Osmosis Diffusion of water
Water molecules move from high to low concentration

10. Active Transport
Transport of molecules from low to high concentration.
Requires Energy!!! (ATP)
Ex. Desert Plants absorbing water

11. Transport

12. Recognizing Signals
How do cells receive and understand messages from the body?
Proteins found in the cell membrane can receive chemical messages.

13. Hormone Produced in endocrine glands.
Chemicals responsible for communication between cells.
If hormone production is slowed, stopped, blocked…homeostasis can be effected.

14. Craig ????

15. Receptor Molecule Proteins found in cell membranes.
Can detect hormones, chemicals from nerve cells that will stimulate the cell to respond.

16. Receptor Molecules

17. Target Cell
Specific type of cell that signal is supposed to reach.

18. Endocrine System
A series of small organs that produce the hormones (messengers) of the body
Include thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, testes, and ovaries.

19. Endocrine System

20. Levels of Organization
Cell – contain organelles
Tissue – groups of specialized cells
Organs – different types of tissues combined
Organ System – several organs working together
Organism

21. Levels of Org

22. Single Celled Organism
An organism that is only one cell, yet undergoes all of life functions.
Organelles of single cell org are much simpler than organ system of a human, but capable of same function.
Ex. Vacuole vs Digestive System

23. Body Systems
Endocrine – sends chemical messengers (hormones) to body systems through blood stream (pancreas, ovaries/testes)
Respiratory – exchange of gasses between blood of circ system and the environment (lungs, nose)

24. Body Systems
Excretory – removal of all waste from body cells (kidney, lung, sweat gland, anus)
Nervous – sends signals along nerves, co-ordinates movement of body (brain, spinal cord)

25. Body Systems
Immune System – detect and destroy invaders found in the body, increases body’s immunity
Immunity – ability to resist disease

26. Body Systems
Digestive – ingest, break down food, nutrients absorbed into blood stream (esophagus, stomach, intestines)
Skeletal – provide foundation for body
Muscular – contract to move bones  body

27. Body Systems
Circulatory – transport materials such as oxygen, waste, and nutrients throughout your body (heart, arteries, blood)

28. Life Functions
Respiration – break down nutrients to release energy (mitochondria)
Regulation – responding to internal and external stimuli, maintaining homeostasis
Reproduction – produce more of own species

29. Life Functions Growth – increasing the size or number of cells
Excretion – removing waste
Nutrition – obtaining nutrients from environment and breaking them down for transport

30. Life Functions Transport – move materials throughout organism
Circulation – blood vessels are the highway of the human body

31. Life Functions Synthesis – TO BUILD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- combining simple substances into complex substances
Metabolism – all chem reactions that take place in the cell
Homeostasis – BALANCE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- maintaining internal stability of organism

32. Photosynthesis vs Respiration
Plant Cells  Chloroplast
H2O + CO2  C6H12O6 + O2
Sunlight Glucose

33. Photosynthesis vs Respiration
All cells  mitochondria
C6H12O6 + O2  ATP + CO2 + H2O
Glucose Energy

34. A Cycle!!

35. Inorganic vs Organic Inorganic Do not contain both H and C
Include salts, acids/bases, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen
Organic
Contain both H and C
Include DNA, protein, fat, carbohydrates, enzymes

36. Biochemistry
Carbohydrates – store energy (starch in plants, glycogen in animals)
Simple Sugars – monosaccharides (1 sugar molecule), glucose

37. Biochemistry
Proteins – made of amino acids (coded for by DNA), essential in just about every process that occurs in an organism
Enzymes – speed up bio reactions
Hormones – chemical messengers
Antibodies – find and destroy invaders
Antigens – stimulate immune response
Pigments – different colors (chlorophyll)

39. Biochemistry
Lipids – fats, essential for life (cell membranes)