Anita Nilsson Director, Office of Nuclear Security IAEA Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology Nuclear Security Anita Nilsson Director, Office of Nuclear Security

Main Threats of Nuclear Terrorism A nuclear explosive device Theft of device Theft of material to make a device Radiological Dispersal Device Theft of radioactive material Sabotage for dispersal A nuclear facility/location Transport Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

The Dual Use Aspect Dilemma: Peaceful uses of nuclear technologies are essential for development, and of vital importance in our daily lives Nuclear materials for nuclear weapons require, produced with similar or the same physics and chemical processes I.E.: The same processes for peaceful and military applications Thus, the use of nuclear technologies must be based on a universal acceptance and implementation of States obligations for peaceful, safe and secure uses. Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Growing energy demand – nuclear expectations Many Countries have declared their interest for nuclear energy. This will result in a significant growth in nuclear energy Will result in: increased production of source material, more nuclear power plants, fuel cycle facilities and waste disposal facilities. The volume of transports will increase. Measures for nuclear security must be systematically implemented, alongside with nuclear safety Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Global Security Evolution Cold War - Post Cold War - Post 9/11 Main Players Nation-states Bi-polar Superpowers Non-States Small states Global network Threats High density, high intensity Lower Probability Physical overkill Low density, low intensity Higher probability Socio - psychological terror Geopolitical Predictable Calculable Malicious Unpredictable Incalculable Motives Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Illicit nuclear trafficking Established in 1995 Network of points of contact connecting 94 states and several international organizations Information collected from official sources supplemented by open sources Provision of “raw” data, statistics and analytical products Expanding work to improve scope and quality of data collection Building a network to improve knowledge sharing among national and international relevant authorities ITDB programme Membership Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Aggregate confirmed information, 1993-2006 1079 confirmed incidents, as of 31 December 2006 252 incidents confirmed during 2006; 149 occurred in 2006, 103 before 2006. Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Legal instruments to combat nuclear terrorism Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials (Amended in 2005) >110 States (and Euratom) Parties. Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism >100 States signatories Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols Several States have yet to sign and ratify the Additional Protocol. UN Security Council Resolutions 1540 and 1374 Obligations are binding for all States. Nuclear Safety Conventions Non-binding Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources In Session 1, MR. ANTONIO NUNEZ GARCIA-SAUCO (SPAIN) will speak on “Conventions treaties and recommendations contributing to the nuclear security infrastructure”. Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Global Nuclear Security Regime Nuclear Safeguard – Non-proliferation Nuclear Security – Counter Terrorism Nuclear Safety – Technical Accident Prevention Holistic Approach Safeguard Safeguard Safety Security Safety Security Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Basic approaches for international efforts to strengthen nuclear (and radiological) security Responsibility for nuclear and radiological security rests with each individual State. “Nuclear, and radiological, terrorism is one of the greatest threats to society.” The building of infrastructure to combat nuclear terrorism is in the beginning; efforts must be accelerated to catch up with the need to strengthen prevention against such acts. The IAEA has an important role in the global efforts to improve the global nuclear security framework and for promoting its implementation. “New” recognition of the need of broad approaches and of synergies between security, safety and safeguards. Establish international cooperation while maintaining confidentiality of sensitive information. Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Comprehensive Nuclear Security Approach Needs assessment, analysis and information Information data-banks, Illicit Trafficking Database, analysis of information, programme feed-back Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plans, Interaction with general public. Security Infrastructure Maintaining confidentiality of information Prevention Accountancy, SSAC, registry of sources (first line of defence) Physical protection Detection and Monitoring, interdiction and seizure Threat assessment and response Detection & Response Law Enforcement, intelligence (second line of defence) Mitigation and Recovery Radiological Event Radiological emergency response Nuclear Security Support (Knowledge Base, Legal Framework) Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

IAEA Nuclear Security Programme Fields of Activities Facilitating the establishment of international legal instruments Developing the nuclear security framework; Guidance and recommendations The Nuclear Security Series documents Evaluation & advisory services to States Capacity building in States Human resource development; training at all levels, graduate education. Technical assistance and advice Detection and security equipment and upgrades Risk reduction in States: Facilitating the recovery and securing of materials; e.g. research reactor fuel, orphan sources, vulnerable sources Facilitating reactor conversions or decommissioning Research and Development Information services Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Concluding remarks The strengthened platform of international legal instruments is a very significant step forward and a major challenge for States and the IAEA. The ratification and implementation of the international instruments must be accelerated. (All) States must drive this process with dedication. Increased coordination and cooperation is required, including for education, training, detection equipment, scientific support and information analysis and feedback. IAEA to maintain a leading role in the global efforts to improve global nuclear (and radiological) security and provide assistance to countries with limited resources. International cooperation and coordination is essential and must be strengthened. Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security

Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology February 2007 Anita Nilsson Office of Nuclear Security