Session 2: Historical development of macro practice: 1850-present UTA SSW, SOCW 5306: Generalist Macro Practice Guest Professor Dick Schoech Copyright 2005 Suggest printing slides for class using: Print | Handouts | 3 slides per page | grayscale options

Overview Basic Concepts Generalist Practice History of Community Practice History of Administrative Practice Conclusion

Basic Concepts

Basic Concepts: Human Services HUMAN SERVICES facilitate daily living by enabling individuals, families, and other primary groups to function, to cope, and to contribute. Human services address the problems that people individually or collectively have with: themselves, for example, emotional and mental difficulties primary groups, for example, family conflict, divorce, child abuse other nonrelated individuals, for example, crime organizations, for example, unemployment, poverty; and communities and the larger society, for example, deviance

Basic Concepts: Definitions Social work: A Human Services profession with specified knowledge, skills, and values. Macro Practice: Social Work practice concerning organizations, communities, and societies as opposed to individuals, families, and groups. (Brueggermann, pg. 3) Generalist: As opposed to specialist. Social workers must be prepared to address a large variety of problems/opportunities. Problem/opportunity (capacity/need): –Every opportunity contains a potential problem. –Within every problem is an opportunity & vice versa. For example, our strengths are also our weaknesses.

Generalist Practice

UTA SSW Generalist Perspective Accountability, e.g., Evidence basedEvidence based Ethical practice Self-awareness (Sense of self and values) Contingency based analysis Ecological systems, (Person-in-environment) Holistic, multi-level assessment: micro-macro Flexible/eclectic use of theories/techniques/roles Generic change process

History of Community Practice

Early History Role of the individual Role of the family Role of the clan Role of the tribe Role of the guilds/feudalism (protection from others) Clan/tribe/guild most responsible for social welfare of individuals in their clan/tribe

Industrial Revolution & Immigration 1880s-1930s Mass movement from farm to city Replacement of family, clan, tribe/guild by workplace & charitable organizations –COS, Charity Organization Societies –Settlements Houses –Community Councils –United Funds Individuals most important for their own social welfare, otherwise charity Community Practice = charity and relief resources Community Practice = Organizing for better working conditions/pay using labor organizing tactics

The great depression-War on Poverty (1930s-1970s) Society responsible for individual welfare The New Deal Programs ( –Social Security –Workers Compensation –Public works, Works Progress Administration (WPA), etc. The Great Society Programs –Community Mental Health Centers Act –Welfare (ADC) –Head Start –Job Corps, Peace Corps, VISTA –Community Action Programs –Model Cities –Older Americans Act –Comprehensive Health Planning Community practice = relief resources and structural change

Modern Social Welfare philosophy Continual clash between the individual and society being responsible for the social welfare of citizens Western Europe more social democracies & taxes so government can prevent social problems US more capitalism, low taxes, with minimal government only to rectify large social problems

Modern Community Practice efforts Selective legislative initiatives, e.g., ADA, Amber Alert system, Prescription Drugs System reform making individual and corporations more responsible: welfare reform, privatization, Faith Based, Social Security reform, Prescription drugs Application of Science: NIHM, NIDA, SAMHSA, CSAP/CSAT Organizing around injustice: ACORN Building communities: Move on, Meet up, etc.

History of Administrative Practice

History of management Ancient Middle ages Industrial revolution Modern

History — ancient Based on Egyptians, Assyrians, etc.: –Church –Military –State (government) key variables –communications –submission of those managed (Galileo) –Male and authority based

History — Middle ages Crafts and guilds Based on –skills –apprenticeship –collectives, teams –exclusion thru “ole boy system”

History: Industrial revolution- Weber Max Weber definition of bureaucracy Hierarchy of authority Written rules, rights and duties Procedures for most work Impersonality (decisions based on qualifications) Professionalism (training important) Specialization (division of labor) Key = design of organization

History: Industrial revolution- Fayol 1900s POSDCORBE Planning Organizing Staffing Coordinating Directing (leadership) Reporting Budgeting Evaluating Key = understanding processes

History: Industrial revolution- Taylor 1900s Frederick Taylor’s scientific mana ( s) Applied research can improve work Time and motion studies Lack of consideration of labor unions who labeled him a “contented cow” sociologist Key = use scientific principles to design tasks

History: Social/Psychological influences ( s) Hawthorne Experiments (Hawthorne effect) World War 1 and II Psychology via Freud and Maslow Key=bigger outside events impacted all work

History: Modern influences Systems, computers, the Internet Many competing theories, TQM, “White Knight” popularism, etc. Globalization Privatization, managed care, capitation Best practices, evidence based, etc. Business-to-business infrastructure, organizational learning

Conclusion Generalist macro practice is based in professional knowledge, skills, and values, not personal values or common sense Community and administrative practice has become complex and struggling to be scientific Questions and discussion