“Life is Cellular” Since the invention of the microscope Scientists have been able to discover a world that could have never been imagined

The Scientists involved in the Cell Theory  In 1665 Robert Hooke looked at a slice of cork under a microscope The tiny chambers reminded him of the “cells” in a monastery so he called them cells The tiny chambers reminded him of the “cells” in a monastery so he called them cells  In 1674 Anton von Leeuwenhoek made better lenses for the microscope and was able to see cells in greater detail

The Scientists involved in the Cell Theory  Matthias SchleidenTheodore Schwann  In 1838 and 1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann observed that all living things are made up of cells Schleiden Schleiden noted that all plants are made up of cells Schwann Schwann stated that all animals are made up of cells  Rudolf Virchow  In 1855 Rudolf Virchow states that all cells come from pre-existing cells

The Cell Theory  All living things are composed of cells  Cells are the basic functional units of life  New cells are produced from existing cells

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes  Prokaryotes  smaller & simpler  Contain a cell membrane & cytoplasm  No nucleus  All bacteria are prokaryotes  DNA is “free – floating”  Eukaryotes  Have a nucleus containing DNA  Most have specialized structures called organelles  All plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotes  Larger and more complex

Prokaryotic Cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Organelles Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryote Cell Structures  Cell Wall Found in many organisms including plants, algae, fungi, and nearly all prokaryotes Not found in animal cells Not found in animal cells

Cell Wall The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell Plant cell walls are made of cellulose

The Nucleus  The nucleus is the “brains” of the cell  The nucleus controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA  Almost all eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal, contain a nucleus

The Nucleus  Nucleolus – small dense region in nucleus where ribosomes are produced   Nuclear envelope – double membrane layer surrounding the nucleus (aka. Nuclear membrane)

The Cytoskeleton  A network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain it’s shape  It is also involved in many forms of movement Microfilament Microtubule

The Cytoskeleton  Made up of three types of structures : Microtubules – hollow tubes of protein that help maintain cell shape and serve as “tracks” for organelles to travel on Intermediate Filaments – smaller than microtubules – gives a cell its strength Microfilaments – long thin fibers that support cell movement and support

Organelles in the Cytoplasm  Ribosomes Site where proteins are made Site where proteins are made A is a protein and an rRNA (ribosomal RNA) A ribosome is a protein and an rRNA (ribosomal RNA) Ribosomes make proteins from the “coded” instructions of the nucleus and the DNA Ribosomes make proteins from the “coded” instructions of the nucleus and the DNA Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum  An internal membrane where parts of the cell membrane are made and some proteins are modified  The is where protein synthesis occurs  The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is where protein synthesis occurs Ribosomes are on it’s surface making it appear “rough” Ribosomes are on it’s surface making it appear “rough” Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum  The does not have any ribosomes on it’s surface  The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum does not have any ribosomes on it’s surface It contains enzymes that make lipids (fats) It contains enzymes that make lipids (fats) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi Apparatus  After proteins are assembled and produced by the they move to the where :  After proteins are assembled and produced by the Rough ER they move to the Golgi Complex where : Carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids (fats) are attached to the protein They are then sent to their final destination Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes  Small organelles that are filled with digestive and other enzymes They break down lipids (fats), carbohydrates (sugars), and proteins from food particles so it can be used by the rest of the cell They break down lipids (fats), carbohydrates (sugars), and proteins from food particles so it can be used by the rest of the cell Lysosomes also break down “old” organelles that have outlived their function Lysosomes also break down “old” organelles that have outlived their function Basically, they “take out the trash” Basically, they “take out the trash”

Vacuoles  Serve as a storage for water, salts, proteins, and “carbs” (plant and animal cells)   In Plants : They usually have one large vacuole filled with water to support structures like leaves and flowers Vacuole

Chloroplasts  The producer! They use sunlight to power a familiar process called Photosynthesis They use sunlight to power a familiar process called Photosynthesis The green pigment (color) chlorophyll is what gives leaves their color and is found inside chloroplasts The green pigment (color) chlorophyll is what gives leaves their color and is found inside chloroplasts Chloroplast

Mitochondria  The “powerhouse” of the animal and plant cell! Mitochondria use energy from food to make high- energy compounds Mitochondria use energy from food to make high- energy compounds The cell uses these high- energy compounds for growth, development, and movement The cell uses these high- energy compounds for growth, development, and movement In that way, the mitochondria makes “fuel” for the cell In that way, the mitochondria makes “fuel” for the cell

Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant Cells