Matter and Atomic Structure Text ref. Ch.3, (pg. 52)

Contents What are elements? What are elements? How atoms combine How atoms combine

3.1: What Are Elements? Text ref

Objectives Describe the particles within atoms and the structure of atoms. Relate the energy levels of atoms to the chemical properties of elements. Define the concept of isotopes.

Elements Defined as a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. 92 naturally occurring elements Elements are organized using the Periodic Table of Elements

H 1 Hydrogen Element name Atomic number Element symbol Average atomic number Text ref. 917, appendix G

Elements and the Atom Smallest particle of an element that retains the properties and characteristics of that element. Composed of subatomic particles Nucleus: center or atom, composed of protons and neutrons Nucleus: center or atom, composed of protons and neutrons Proton: tiny particle having a positive charge Proton: tiny particle having a positive charge Neutron: particle having no charge, but about the same mass Neutron: particle having no charge, but about the same mass Electron: much smaller mass than proton or neutron, but has a negative charge equal to a proton Electron: much smaller mass than proton or neutron, but has a negative charge equal to a proton

Electrons in Energy Levels Electrons occupy regions of space around the nucleus of an atom known as energy levels. Each energy level contains a number of orbitals. The number of electrons that may be found at an energy level can be detemined by the following formula. #electrons = 2n 2

The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom determine in chemical properties. These outermost electrons are known as valence electrons.

Isotopes and Ions The identity of an atom (what element it is) is determined the # of protons in its nucleus. An ion is an atom of an element which has gained or lost electrons. An isotope is an atom of an element which has greater or fewer neutrons.

H 2 1 Mass number Atomic number

Radioactivity Nuclear decay as particles are lost in an atom leads to the emission of radiation. Types of radiation include… Alpha: helium nucleus Alpha: helium nucleus Beta: electron Beta: electron Gamma: high energy EM radiation Gamma: high energy EM radiation

Elemental Abundances Elements are not found in equal numbers in the universe or on Earth. Some are more common than others. Element Parts per million Hydrogen 739,000 Helium 240,000 Oxygen 10,700 Carbon 4,600 Neon 1,340 Iron 1,090 Nitrogen 950 Silicon 650 Magnesium 580 Sulfur 440 All Others 650 Abundance of Elements in the Universe

Elemental composition of Earth's ocean water (by mass)ElementPercentElementPercent Oxygen Sulfur Hydrogen Calcium 0.04 Chlorine 1.94 Potassium 0.04 Sodium 1.08 Bromine Magnesium Carbon Element Percent by mass Oxygen 65 Carbon 18 Hydrogen 10 Nitrogen 3 Calcium 1.5 Phosphorus 1.2 Potassium 0.2 Sulfur 0.2 Chlorine 0.2 Sodium 0.1 Magnesium 0.05 IronIron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Iodine Cobalt CopperZinc Iodine IronCobalt CopperZinc Iodine <0.05 each SeleniumSelenium, Fluorine Fluorine Selenium Fluorine <0.01 each Human Body

Compounds Substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined. Ex. water (H 2 O) Ex. water (H 2 O) baking soda (NaHCO 3 ) baking soda (NaHCO 3 ) Emerald (Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6 ) Emerald (Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6 )

Why do atoms form chemical bonds? To achieve stability. Electron configuration is the key Full set of electrons in valence shell is most stable arrangement.

Covalent bonding Bond formed when electrons are shared by atoms. Ex. CO 2 Ex. CO 2 Usually forms between two nonmetals Usually forms between two nonmetals

Molecules Composed of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Have no overall electrical charge Have no overall electrical charge Protons equal electrons

Polar Molecules Unequal sharing of electrons results in polar molecules. Positive charge Negative charge

Ions Atom that has gained or lost electrons. Loss or gain of electrons determined by electron stability. Atoms gain or lose electrons as necssary, in order to have a complete (full) valence electron shell

Ionic Bonding Bonding that occurs when electrons are donated from one ion to another. Positive ions are always written first in chemical formula. Ex: NaCl where Na + and Cl - Ex: NaCl where Na + and Cl -

Ionic Bonding The ratio of positive to negative ions in an ionic bond depends on the charge of each ion. Mg +2 Cl -1 = MgCl 2 = Magnesium chloride Mg +2 Cl -1 = MgCl 2 = Magnesium chloride Ca +2 S -2 = CaS = Calcium sulfide Ca +2 S -2 = CaS = Calcium sulfide Na +1 SO 4 -2 = Na 2 SO 4 = Sodium sulfate Na +1 SO 4 -2 = Na 2 SO 4 = Sodium sulfate

Metallic Bonds Bonding that occurs between atoms of a metal. Accounts for the properties of metals Malleability: ability to be hammered into sheets or shaped Malleability: ability to be hammered into sheets or shaped Ductility: ability to be pulled or stretched into wire Ductility: ability to be pulled or stretched into wire Conductivity: ability to conduct electrical current and transfer thermal energy Conductivity: ability to conduct electrical current and transfer thermal energy

Metallic bonding is characteristic of delocalized electrons

Chemical Reactions Process where substances are changed by chemical means Represented by chemical equations. Identify the reactants and products in a reaction Identify the reactants and products in a reaction Identify relative numbers of each reactant and product in the reaction Identify relative numbers of each reactant and product in the reaction Ex. 2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O Ex. 2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O

2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O Coefficient: identifies the # of molecules needed for the reaction reactants product

Mixtures and Solutions Mixtures are combinations of substances that can be separated physically, whereas chemical compounds cannot be separated without chemical processes.

Types of Mixtures Homogeneous: mixture which is uniform (the same) throughout. Ex. Solutions Heterogeneous: mixture which is not uniform throughout (i.e. separate layers)

Acids and Bases An acid is a solution containing a substance the produces Hydrogen ions (H + ) in water. Ex. = HCl, or hydrochloric acid Ex. = HCl, or hydrochloric acid HCl = H + + Cl -

Acids and Bases A base is a solution containing a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH - ) in water. Ex. NaOH, or sodium hydroxide Ex. NaOH, or sodium hydroxide NaOH = Na + + OH -

pH scale Measures the strength of acids and bases relative to each other. pH identifies the % Hydrogen ions in a solution. Acids and bases can be combined to neutralize each other.