Today’s Agenda Any Announcements? Any Questions? Let's Review our Bellwork.... Now... Let’s Begin Today’s Lesson…..

Our Standards Today Principles of United States Government Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of the American government as expressed in the Constitution and other essential documents of American federalism. GC.5 Summarize (CC) with supporting evidence why the Founding Fathers established a constitutional system that limited the power of government. (H, P) GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and shared powers, the role of organized interests (Federalist Number 10), checks and balances (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78), implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular sovereignty, and civilian control of the military. (P) GC.7 Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government and state governments. (P) GC.8 Assess the claims, reasoning, and evidence of various authors to analyze the tensions within our Republic and the importance of maintaining a balance between the following concepts: (H, P) · Majority rule and individual rights · Liberty and equality · State and national authority in a federal system · Civil disobedience and the rule of law · Freedom of the press and censorship · Relationship of religion and government · Relationship of legislation and morality · Government regulation and free enterprise

Our objectives today 1. Describe the structure of the government set up under the Articles of Confederation. 2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to a critical period for our government in the 1780s. 3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger national government led to plans for a Constitutional Convention. 4. Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for a new constitution. 5. Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises.

Our Goal Today The Articles of Confederation established a fairly weak central government, which led to conflicts among the States. The turmoil of the Critical Period of the 1780s led to the writing of the Constitution and the creation of a stronger National Government. The Framers of the Constitution created a document that addressed the major concerns of the States. By reaching compromise on items about which they disagreed, the Framers created a new National Government capable of handling our nation's problems.

Origin of the State Turn your book to page 6. Four Characteristics of a State. Is our classroom a state? Is Tennessee a state by this definition? Is the United States a State?

Origin of the State Turn your book to page 8. These are the four theories of the Origins of the State.

Force Theory What is a good example of Force Theory?

Evolutionary Theory What is an example of this Evolutionary Theory?

Divine Right Theory What is an example of Divine Right Theory?

Social Contract Theory What is an example of the Social Contract Theory?

Articles of Confederation One vote per state. No Executive or Judicial branch. Any change had to be approved by all 13 states. 9 out of 13 votes required to pass any law.

Powers of Congress 1) Make war and peace 2) Send and receive ambassadors 3) Make treaties 4) Borrow money 5) Set up a money system 6) Establish a post office 7) Build a navy 8) Raise an army by asking States for troops 9) Create a uniform standard for weights and measures 10) Settle disputes between the States

Our Standards Today Principles of United States Government Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of the American government as expressed in the Constitution and other essential documents of American federalism. GC.5 Summarize (CC) with supporting evidence why the Founding Fathers established a constitutional system that limited the power of government. (H, P) GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and shared powers, the role of organized interests (Federalist Number 10), checks and balances (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78), implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular sovereignty, and civilian control of the military. (P) GC.7 Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government and state governments. (P) GC.8 Assess the claims, reasoning, and evidence of various authors to analyze the tensions within our Republic and the importance of maintaining a balance between the following concepts: (H, P) · Majority rule and individual rights · Liberty and equality · State and national authority in a federal system · Civil disobedience and the rule of law · Freedom of the press and censorship · Relationship of religion and government · Relationship of legislation and morality · Government regulation and free enterprise

Our objectives today 1. Describe the structure of the government set up under the Articles of Confederation. 2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to a critical period for our government in the 1780s. 3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger national government led to plans for a Constitutional Convention. 4. Identify the Framers of the Constitution and discuss how the delegates organized the proceedings at the Philadelphia Convention 5. Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for a new constitution. 6. Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises.

Creating our Constitution

Different States Different Ideas The Virginia Plan – called for three branches of government: Legislative, Executive and Judicial. Bicameral government – both houses number of members based on each State's population or the amount of money that state contributes to the national government.

New Jersey Plan Unicameral government, only one legislative body. Each state gets same number of seats in the legislature. What is our first problem in writing our constitution?

Our First Compromise Connecticut delegates offered what has been named the Connecticut Comprise, but some have called the Great Compromise. What do YOU think the compromise was?

The Great Compromise Bicameral Government – Two legislative bodies, a House and a Senate. The house would have its members for each state determined by population. The senate would have each state have the same number of members.

Population? What about states that have slaves? Do they count as population? Do states with large slave populations want them to count?

3/5ths Compromise – Time for Role Play

3/5ths Compromise The three-fifths compromise is found in Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3 of the United States Constitution: "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons." http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html

The South Wants Another Compromise The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise was an agreement that Congress could not tax exports of goods from any state. Why was the south worried about this? It also placed a 20-year moratorium on any laws concerning the slave trade, “the migration or importation of such persons as any State now existing shall think proper to admit”.

One of our Standards Today GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and shared powers, the role of organized interests (Federalist Number 10), checks and balances (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78), implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular sovereignty, and civilian control of the military. (P)

Federalist Paper #10 “Federalist 10 is part of a remarkable public discussion, spawned by the ratification debates, between Federalists and Antifederalists on the nature of republican government. Many Antifederalists believed that the Constitution would lead to a large, consolidated nation and abolish the republican governments in the states, which in turn would lead to violations of the rights of citizens. Madison turned that argument on its head by pointing out that in republican governments, in which the majority must rule, an all-powerful majority often sacrifices the natural rights of the minority to their own selfish interests. Tyranny was just as possible in republican governments as under monarchies; and smaller republics — that is, republics the size of the American states — were especially prone to the danger of majority faction. Some remedy for this “mortal disease” must be found, Madison argued, if we are to have a republic in which the natural rights of all, including the minority, are protected.” http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/federalist-no-10/

What was Madison worried about? Questions for consideration: How does Madison define a faction? What two things may be done to eliminate the causes of faction, and why does Madison reject them? What aspects of a republic make it prone to faction, but less susceptible than a democracy? What advantages does a large republic have over a small one for preventing and controlling the effects of majority faction?

Two Solutions – Can we do either one? Madison wrote in Federalist #10: “There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction: The one, by removing its causes; the other, by controling its effects. There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: The one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.”

Federalist Paper #51 “James Madison, like most Americans at the time, understood that once a single branch of government — legislative, executive or judicial — had accumulated all political power in its hands, nothing could stop it from acting tyrannically. The checks and balances between the branches built into the proposed Constitution, he explained in Federalist 51, are therefore essential to keep those powers properly separated among the branches. In the midst of explaining these “inventions of prudence,” Madison offered thoughtful reflections on why human nature makes politics — especially the great task of framing a government comprised of men rather than angels — so challenging.” http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/federalist-no- 51/

Is Three Branches Important? Questions for consideration: What is the best way to keep the powers of government properly separated among the branches in practice? Why is framing a good government made difficult by human nature? What are the two possible sources of oppression and what remedies does Madison propose to prevent them?

What could be an issue? Madison wrote: “First. In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people, is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against, by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people, is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other; at the same time that each will be controlled by itself.”

Hard to make everyone happy! “Second. It is of great importance in a republic, not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers; but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part. Different interests necessarily exist in different classes of citizens. If a majority be united by a common interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure. There are but two methods of providing against this evil: the one, by creating a will in the community independent of the majority, that is, of the society itself; the other, by comprehending in the society so many separate descriptions of citizens, as will render an unjust combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if not impracticable.”

Federalist Paper #78 "We proceed now to an examination of the judiciary department of the proposed government." So begins Federalist, no. 78, the first of six essays by Alexander Hamilton on the role of the judiciary in the government established by the U.S. Constitution. Hamilton made two principal points in the essay. First, he argued for the independence of the judiciary from the other two branches of government, the executive and the legislative. In presenting a case for the judiciary, he reached his second major conclusion: that the judiciary must be empowered to strike down laws passed by Congress that it deems "contrary to the manifest tenor of the Constitution." http://legal- dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Federalist,+No.+78,+and +the+Power+of+the+Judiciary

Ratification - Federalists Federalists stressed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and campaigned for the ratification of the new Constitution. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton were among their leaders. Think Federalist Papers.

Ratification - Anti-Federalists Anti-Federalists attacked the Constitution and argued against its ratification. They worried about having a central government and noted how it did not have a bill of rights, or a list of basic liberties. Its leaders included Patrick Henry, John Hancock and Samuel Adams. “I look upon that paper as the most fatal plan that could possibly be conceived to enslave a free people.” - Patrick Henry

Beard's Thesis

Beard's Thesis The first historian to challenge the motives of the Founders was Charles Beard in An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (1913). In this landmark book, Beard, a professor of history at Columbia University, argued that the Constitution was “an economic document drawn with superb skill by men whose property interests were immediately at stake.” The Founders, then, rather than being patriots, wise lawmakers, or thoughtful students of government, were primarily in the Constitution- writing business to protect their “property interests.” Read more: http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/the- founders-the-constitution-and-the-historians#ixzz2rHxigjjs

Vocabulary Autocracy Oligarchy Unitary Government Federal Government Division of Powers

Autocracy Autocracy – a form of government in which a single person holds unlimited political power.

Vocabulary Oligarchy Unitary Government Federal Government Division of Powers

Oligarchy Oligarchy – a form of government in which power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite.

Vocabulary Unitary Government Federal Government Division of Powers

Unitary Government Unitary Government – a centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single, central agency.

Vocabulary Federal Government Division of Powers

Federal Government Federal Government – a form of Government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments.

Our Classroom…. Is our classroom a Unitary Government or a Federal Government?

Vocabulary Division of Powers

Division of Powers Division of Powers – basic principle of federalism: the constitutional provisions by which a government powers are divided on a geographic basis (in the United States, between the National Government and the States)

Our classroom Do we divide powers in our classroom?

Vocabulary Articles of Confederation ratification Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Federalists Anti-Federalists

Articles of Confederation Established “a firm league of friendship” among the states. Each state kept “its sovereignty, freedom, and independence.”

Vocabulary Articles of Confederation ratification Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Federalists Anti-Federalists

Ratification Formal approval. rat·i·fi·ca·tion [rat-uh-fi-key-shuhn] noun 1. the act of ratifying; confirmation; sanction. 2. the state of being ratified. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ratification

Vocabulary Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Articles of Confederation ratification Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Federalists Anti-Federalists

Virginia Plan Endorsed by the larger states. Base representation on population.

Vocabulary Articles of Confederation ratification Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Federalists Anti-Federalists

New Jersey Plan Endorsed by the smaller states. Each state should have equal representation.

Vocabulary Connecticut Compromise Articles of Confederation ratification Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Federalists Anti-Federalists

Connecticut Compromise Also referred to as the Great Compromise. Do both – have one legislative body based on population and one where each state gets equal representation.

Vocabulary Articles of Confederation ratification Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Federalists Anti-Federalists

Three-Fifths Compromise Slaves (although not called slaves in the Constitution) will count as 3/5 of a person.

Vocabulary Federalists Anti-Federalists Articles of Confederation ratification Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Federalists Anti-Federalists

Federalists Campaigned for the ratification of the Constitution. Supported a new Federal government.

Vocabulary Articles of Confederation ratification Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Federalists Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists Campaigned against a new Federal government.

Assessment Time :-) 1) What were the Articles of Confederation and what powers did they grant to Congress? 2) Identify three weaknesses of our government under the Articles of Confederation. 3) Why did smaller states object to the Virginia Plan? 4) What was the 'Great Compromise'?

Our Standards Today Principles of United States Government Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of the American government as expressed in the Constitution and other essential documents of American federalism. GC.5 Summarize (CC) with supporting evidence why the Founding Fathers established a constitutional system that limited the power of government. (H, P) GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and shared powers, the role of organized interests (Federalist Number 10), checks and balances (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78), implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular sovereignty, and civilian control of the military. (P) GC.7 Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government and state governments. (P) GC.8 Assess the claims, reasoning, and evidence of various authors to analyze the tensions within our Republic and the importance of maintaining a balance between the following concepts: (H, P) · Majority rule and individual rights · Liberty and equality · State and national authority in a federal system · Civil disobedience and the rule of law · Freedom of the press and censorship · Relationship of religion and government · Relationship of legislation and morality · Government regulation and free enterprise

Our objectives today 1. Describe the structure of the government set up under the Articles of Confederation. 2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to a critical period for our government in the 1780s. 3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger national government led to plans for a Constitutional Convention. 4. Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for a new constitution. 5. Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises.

Our Goal Today The Articles of Confederation established a fairly weak central government, which led to conflicts among the States. The turmoil of the Critical Period of the 1780s led to the writing of the Constitution and the creation of a stronger National Government. The Framers of the Constitution created a document that addressed the major concerns of the States. By reaching compromise on items about which they disagreed, the Framers created a new National Government capable of handling our nation's problems.

Group Time!!! Get in your groups now… Each person will do their OWN Social Contract – discuss ideas in your group but do your own Social Contract. “I will be a great Student if Riverdale …”