Struggle for Civil Rights CHAPTER 15 4/22/2017 CHAPTER 15 Struggle for Civil Rights Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection Section 3: Struggle for Civil Rights Section 4: Civil Rights Laws Struggle for Civil Rights

Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration Objectives: What are the responsibilities of citizenship? In what two ways may a person become a U.S. citizen by birth? How does an immigrant become a U.S. citizen?

Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration Examples of the responsibilities of citizenship: understanding and obeying the law respecting the rights of others paying taxes voting participating in public service

Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration Two ways a person may become a U.S. citizen by birth: jus sanguinis—being born to parents who are U.S. citizens jus soli—being born in the U.S. or a U.S. territory

Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration An immigrant becomes a U.S. citizen through naturalization.

Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection Objectives: How has U.S. immigration policy changed over time? In what ways is the United States an ethnically diverse country? What are the benefits and challenges of diversity in the United States?

Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection Changes in U.S. immigration policy over time: unrestricted until the late 1800s tight restrictions from the late 1800s to World War II relaxed restrictions following World War II growing restrictions on illegal immigration in the 1980s and 1990s

Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection Ways the United States is an ethnically diverse country: populated with people with different heritages retains cultural traditions from various ethnic groups

Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection Benefits of diversity in the United States: enriches lives encourages creativity in society Challenges of diversity prejudice discrimination

Section 3: Struggle for Civil Rights Objectives: What two tests do federal courts use to determine whether laws respect the Equal Protection Clause? How did the Equal Protection Clause help the civil rights movement fight government discrimination?

Section 3: Struggle for Civil Rights Two tests the federal courts use to determine whether laws respect the Equal Protection Clause: rational basis test strict scrutiny test

Section 3: Struggle for Civil Rights The Equal Protection Clause helped the civil rights movement fight government discrimination by proving that policies based on the separate-but-equal doctrine were unconstitutional.

Section 4: Civil Rights Laws Objectives: How have civil rights laws protected the rights of African Americans? How have civil rights protections been extended to other minority groups?

Section 4: Civil Rights Laws How civil rights laws have protected the rights of African Americans: made segregation in public places illegal prohibited discrimination by employers or administrators of any federally funded program secured voting rights provided protection from discrimination in the workplace prohibited discrimination in the advertising, financing, sale, and rental of housing

Section 4: Civil Rights Laws Civil rights laws prohibiting discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, or sex applied and were extended to other minority groups, such as Hispanic and Asian Americans, American Indians, people with disabilities, and women.

Chapter Wrap-Up 1. In what three ways may a person become a U.S. citizen? How can a person lose U.S. citizenship? 2. Describe U.S. immigration policy during the United States’s first 100 years as a nation. How has immigration policy changed since then? 3. What benefits and challenges does diversity present?

Chapter Wrap-Up 4. What guidelines do courts use to determine whether government laws violate the Equal Protection Clause? 5. What role does the Equal Protection Clause play in protecting the civil rights of African Americans? 6. Why were civil rights laws of the 1950s and 1960s more successful than earlier civil rights laws? What groups besides African Americans do civil rights laws protect?